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<meta name="keywords" content="C3539495, autosomal recessive complex spastic paraplegia caused by mutation in ddhd2, autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia 54, autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 54, ddhd2, ddhd2 autosomal recessive complex spastic paraplegia, disease or syndrome, hereditary spastic paraplegia 54, hereditary spastic paraplegia type 54, spastic paraplegia 54, autosomal recessive, spg54, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, birth defects, chromosomal disease, chromosome, clinical features, clinical findings, clinical genetics, clinical recommendations, clinvar, congenital chromosomal disease, consumer genetic resources, cytogenetic location, disease characteristics, disease definitions, disease descriptions, disease ontology, disease synonyms, disease vocabulary, dysmorphology, entrez, familial disease, gene, gene-disease relationship, genereviews, genetic disease, genetic disorder, genetic terminology, genetic testing registry, genetics home reference, genomic disease, gtr, hereditary disease, heritable disease, hpo, human phenotype ontology, inherited disease, management guidelines, maternal inheritance, medgen, medical genetics, medical subject headings, mesh, mitochondrial inheritance, mode of inheritance, national center for biotechnology information, national institutes of health, national library of medicine, ncbi, nih, nlm, omim, ordo, orphanet, paternal inheritance, phenome, position statements, professional practice guidelines, rare disease, reference sequence, refseq, snomed ct, syndrome, undiagnosed diseases, x-linked recessive" /><meta name="description" content="Spastic paraplegia-54 (SPG54) is a complicated form of spastic paraplegia, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting fibers of the corticospinal tract. Affected individuals have delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, and early-onset spasticity of the lower limbs. Brain MRI shows a thin corpus callosum and periventricular white matter lesions. Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows an abnormal lipid peak (summary by Schuurs-Hoeijmakers et al., 2012).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, see 270800." /><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive" />
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<!--
UID=761341
ConceptID=C3539495
-->
<!--imgCountBooks = 0--><h1 class="medgenTitle"><div class="MedGenTitleText">Hereditary spastic paraplegia 54<span class="h1sub">(SPG54)</span></div></h1><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>761341</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information."><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">C3539495</span></a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div><table class="medgenTable"><tbody><tr><td>Synonym:</td>
<td>Spastic paraplegia 54, autosomal recessive</td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="bold">SNOMED CT: </span></td>
<td>Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 54 (723824005)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Modes of inheritance:</td>
<td>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="moi_141025"><div><strong>Autosomal recessive inheritance</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>141025</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0441748</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Intellectual Product</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Source: Orphanet</div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).</div></div>
<div class="hangingIndent"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#moi_141025" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Autosomal recessive inheritance</a><span> (Orphanet)</span></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td><a class="help jig-ncbi-popper" data-jig="ncbipopper" href="#target-gene-loc">Gene (location):<img class="pulldown" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4223267/img/4204968" /></a><div class="display-none" id="target-gene-loc">
Gene(s) directly associated with<br />
this condition or phenotype.</div></td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="DDHD2 - ID: 23259 - NCBI Gene" href="/gene/23259" class="medgenPMinfo">DDHD2</a> (8p11.23)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="small"> </td></tr><tr><td>Monarch Initiative:</td>
<td><a href="https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0014018" target="_blank">MONDO:0014018</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>OMIM<span class="superscript">®</span>:</td>
<td><a href="https://omim.org/entry/615033" target="_blank">615033</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Orphanet:</td>
<td><a target="_blank" title="Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&amp;Expert=320380">ORPHA320380</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="rprt-body jig-ncbiinpagenav" data-jigconfig="smoothScroll: false, gotoTopLink: true, gotoTopLinkText: '', gotoTopLinkAttrs: {'title': 'Go to the top of the page'},allHeadingLevels: ['h1'], topOfPageTOC: true, tocId: 'my-toc'"><div id="rprt-tabs-1" class="rprt-tab"><div id="tb-termsProp-1"><div class="leftCol mgCol"><div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_100">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Definition">Definition</h1><a sid="100" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">Spastic paraplegia-54 (SPG54) is a complicated form of spastic paraplegia, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting fibers of the corticospinal tract. Affected individuals have delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, and early-onset spasticity of the lower limbs. Brain MRI shows a thin corpus callosum and periventricular white matter lesions. Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows an abnormal lipid peak (summary by Schuurs-Hoeijmakers et al., 2012).&#13; For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, see 270800. [from <a title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" href="http://www.omim.org" class="defSource" target="_blank">OMIM</a>]</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_102">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Clinical_features">Clinical features</h1><a sid="102" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln clinfeat"><strong>From HPO</strong><br />
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_41977"><div><strong>Bowel incontinence</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>41977</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0015732</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Involuntary fecal soiling in adults and children who have usually already been toilet trained.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/41977">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Bowel%20incontinence%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2041977%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_22579"><div><strong>Urinary incontinence</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>22579</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0042024</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Loss of the ability to control the urinary bladder leading to involuntary urination.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/22579">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Urinary%20incontinence%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2022579%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_675590"><div><strong>Pes cavus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>675590</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0728829</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">An increase in height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot that does not flatten on weight bearing (i.e., a distinctly hollow form of the sole of the foot when it is bearing weight).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/675590">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Pes%20cavus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20675590%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_324478"><div><strong>Lower limb muscle weakness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324478</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836296</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Weakness of the muscles of the legs.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324478">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Lower%20limb%20muscle%20weakness%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20324478%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_324514"><div><strong>Distal lower limb muscle weakness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>324514</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1836450</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduced strength of the distal musculature of the legs.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/324514">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Distal%20lower%20limb%20muscle%20weakness%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20324514%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_461970"><div><strong>Distal upper limb muscle weakness</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>461970</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3150620</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Reduced strength of the distal musculature of the arms.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/461970">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Distal%20upper%20limb%20muscle%20weakness%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20461970%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_87607"><div><strong>Short stature</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>87607</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0349588</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/87607">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Short%20stature%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2087607%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_1101"><div><strong>Constipation</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>1101</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0009806</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/1101">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Constipation%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%201101%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_41440"><div><strong>Dysphagia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>41440</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0011168</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Difficulty in swallowing.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/41440">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dysphagia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2041440%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_8510"><div><strong>Dysarthria</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>8510</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0013362</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/8510">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Dysarthria%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%208510%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_19708"><div><strong>Babinski sign</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>19708</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0034935</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/19708">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Babinski%20sign%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2019708%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_20882"><div><strong>Spastic paraplegia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>20882</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0037772</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Spasticity and weakness of the leg and hip muscles.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/20882">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Spastic%20paraplegia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2020882%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_21449"><div><strong>Syringomyelia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>21449</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0039144</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Dilated, glial-lined cavity in spinal cord. This cavity does not communicate with the central canal, and usually is between the dorsal columns unilaterally or bilaterally along the side of the cord.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/21449">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Syringomyelia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2021449%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_57738"><div><strong>Hyperreflexia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>57738</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0151889</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/57738">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hyperreflexia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2057738%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_138005"><div><strong>Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>138005</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0344482</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/138005">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypoplasia%20of%20the%20corpus%20callosum%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20138005%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_107838"><div><strong>Global developmental delay</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>107838</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0557874</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/107838">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Global%20developmental%20delay%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20107838%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_220882"><div><strong>Upper limb spasticity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>220882</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C1273957</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/220882">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Upper%20limb%20spasticity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20220882%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_811461"><div><strong>Intellectual disability</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>811461</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C3714756</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/811461">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Intellectual%20disability%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20811461%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_927595"><div><strong>Periventricular white matter hyperintensities</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>927595</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C4293686</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Areas of brighter than expected signal on magnetic resonance imaging emanating from the cerebral white matter that surrounds the cerebral ventricles.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/927595">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Periventricular%20white%20matter%20hyperintensities%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20927595%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_7752"><div><strong>Rigidity</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>7752</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0026837</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Sign or Symptom</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/7752">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Rigidity%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%207752%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_66814"><div><strong>High palate</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>66814</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0240635</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Congenital Abnormality</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/66814">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22High%20palate%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2066814%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_140836"><div><strong>Telecanthus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>140836</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0423113</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Distance between the inner canthi more than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, apparently increased distance between the inner canthi.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/140836">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Telecanthus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20140836%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_208827"><div><strong>Hypomimic face</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>208827</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0813217</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Finding</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A reduced degree of motion of the muscles beneath the skin of the face, often associated with reduced facial crease formation.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/208827">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Hypomimic%20face%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20208827%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_21337"><div><strong>Strabismus</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>21337</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0038379</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/21337">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Strabismus%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%2021337%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div>
<div class="divPopper rprt" id="clin_137901"><div><strong>Optic nerve hypoplasia</strong><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>MedGen UID: </dt><dd>137901</dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span>Concept ID: </dt><dd><a href="/medgen/docs/help/#sources" target="_blank" title="Concept Unique Identifier from NLM's Unified Medical Language system (UMLS)&#10;Click for more information.">C0338502</a></dd><dt><span class="dotprefix"></span></dt><dd>Disease or Syndrome</dd></dl></div></div></div>
<div class="spaceAbove">Underdevelopment of the optic nerve.</div>
<div class="spaceAbove nowrap">See: <a href="/medgen/137901">Feature record</a> | <a href="/medgen?term=%22Optic%20nerve%20hypoplasia%22%5BClinical%20Features%5D%20OR%20137901%5Buid%5D">Search on this feature</a></div></div><div class="TreeLite" data-jigconfig="closed: 1"><div class="concept-def"><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().openAll(); return false;">Show all</a><a class="small" href="#" onclick="jQuery(&quot;.TreeLite&quot;,&quot;#ID_102&quot;).TreeLite().closeAll(); return false;">Hide all</a></div><ul><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of head or neck</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_66814" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">High palate</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_208827" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypomimic face</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_140836" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Telecanthus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of limbs</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_324514" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Distal lower limb muscle weakness</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_461970" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Distal upper limb muscle weakness</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_324478" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Lower limb muscle weakness</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_675590" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Pes cavus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the digestive system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_1101" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Constipation</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_41440" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dysphagia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the eye</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_137901" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Optic nerve hypoplasia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_21337" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Strabismus</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_7752" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Rigidity</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Abnormality of the nervous system</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_19708" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Babinski sign</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_8510" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Dysarthria</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_107838" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Global developmental delay</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_57738" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hyperreflexia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_138005" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_811461" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Intellectual disability</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_927595" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Periventricular white matter hyperintensities</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_20882" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Spastic paraplegia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_21449" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Syringomyelia</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_220882" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Upper limb spasticity</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Constitutional symptom</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_41977" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Bowel incontinence</a></span></li><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_22579" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Urinary incontinence</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="TLline">Growth abnormality</span><ul><li class="TLline">
<span class="TLline"><a title="click for more information" class="jig-ncbipopper" href="#clin_87607" data-jigconfig="hasArrow: true, openEvent: 'click', closeEvent: 'mouseout', openAnimation: 'fadeIn', closeAnimation: 'fadeOut', triggerPosition: 'center right', destPosition: 'center left', arrowDirection: 'left'">Short stature</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_118">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Term_Hierarchy">Term Hierarchy</h1><a sid="118" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln HierarchyGTR"><div class="jig-ncbitabs"><ul><li><a href="#tabGTR">GTR</a></li><li><a href="#tabMGEN">MeSH</a></li><li><a href="#tabORDO">Orphanet</a></li></ul><div id="tabGTR"><div class="search_result"><div class="rprts"><div class="chiclet_legend"><span class="chiclet_list" style="position:static;"><span title="Clinical test" class="chiclet Ccolor round">C</span><span>Clinical test,  </span><span title="Research test" class="chiclet Rcolor round">R</span><span>Research test,  </span><span title="OMIM" class="chiclet Ocolor ">O</span><span>OMIM,  </span><span title="GeneReview" class="chiclet Gcolor">G</span><span><em>GeneReviews</em>,  </span><span title="ClinVar" class="chiclet Vcolor">V</span><span>ClinVar  </span></span></div><div id="hierarchy" class="margin_t1"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li class="matched_ds"><span class="chiclet_list"><span class="chiclet Ccolor round" title="Clinical test"><a target="_blank" href="/gtr/tests/?term=C3539495[DISCUI]&amp;test_type=Clinical" ref="ncbi_uid=761341">C</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable round" title="Research Tests">R</span><span class="chiclet Ocolor" title="OMIM"><a ref="ncbi_uid=761341" target="_blank" href="/omim/615003">O</a></span><span class="chiclet unavailable" title="GeneReviews">G</span><span class="chiclet Vcolor" title="ClinVar"><a target="_blank" href="/clinvar?LinkName=medgen_clinvar&amp;from_uid=761341" ref="ncbi_uid=761341">V</a></span></span><span class="TLline">Hereditary spastic paraplegia 54</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="tabMGEN"><div class="ds_tree"><ul><li><span class="TLline"><a href="/medgen/1843346" ref="tree=MeSH" title="MedGen record for Autosomal recessive complex spastic paraplegia">Autosomal recessive complex spastic paraplegia</a></span><ul><li><span class="matched_ds">Hereditary spastic paraplegia 54</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div id="tabORDO">Follow <a target="_blank" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Classif.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=156&amp;PatId=21717&amp;search=Disease_Classif_Simple&amp;new=1" class="ital bold">this link</a> to review classifications for <span class="ital">Hereditary spastic paraplegia 54</span> in Orphanet.</div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpPM">These guidelines are articles in PubMed that match specific search criteria developed by MedGen to capture the most relevant practice guidelines. This list may not be comprehensive and may include broader topics as well. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div><div class="display-none help-popup" id="guidelinesHelpCurated">These guidelines are manually curated by the MedGen team
to supplement articles available in PubMed. See the <a href="/medgen/docs/faq/" title="Frequently asked questions" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for details.</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_103">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_clinical_studies">Recent clinical studies</h1><a sid="103" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><h3 class="subhead">Etiology</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38332048">DDHD2, whose mutations cause spastic paraplegia type 54, enhances lipophagy via engaging ATG8 family proteins.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jia F,
Wang X,
Fu Y,
Zhao SM,
Lu B,
Wang C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cell Death Differ</span>
2024 Mar;31(3):348-359.
Epub 2024 Feb 8
doi: 10.1038/s41418-024-01261-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38332048" target="_blank">38332048</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10923888" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36441344">Movement disorders in hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP): a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fereshtehnejad SM,
Saleh PA,
Oliveira LM,
Patel N,
Bhowmick S,
Saranza G,
Kalia LV</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurol Sci</span>
2023 Mar;44(3):947-959.
Epub 2022 Nov 28
doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06516-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36441344" target="_blank">36441344</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9925593" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32979048">Defining the clinical, molecular and imaging spectrum of adaptor protein complex 4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ebrahimi-Fakhari D,
Teinert J,
Behne R,
Wimmer M,
D'Amore A,
Eberhardt K,
Brechmann B,
Ziegler M,
Jensen DM,
Nagabhyrava P,
Geisel G,
Carmody E,
Shamshad U,
Dies KA,
Yuskaitis CJ,
Salussolia CL,
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D,
Pearson TS,
Saffari A,
Ziegler A,
Kölker S,
Volkmann J,
Wiesener A,
Bearden DR,
Lakhani S,
Segal D,
Udwadia-Hegde A,
Martinuzzi A,
Hirst J,
Perlman S,
Takiyama Y,
Xiromerisiou G,
Vill K,
Walker WO,
Shukla A,
Dubey Gupta R,
Dahl N,
Aksoy A,
Verhelst H,
Delgado MR,
Kremlikova Pourova R,
Sadek AA,
Elkhateeb NM,
Blumkin L,
Brea-Fernández AJ,
Dacruz-Álvarez D,
Smol T,
Ghoumid J,
Miguel D,
Heine C,
Schlump JU,
Langen H,
Baets J,
Bulk S,
Darvish H,
Bakhtiari S,
Kruer MC,
Lim-Melia E,
Aydinli N,
Alanay Y,
El-Rashidy O,
Nampoothiri S,
Patel C,
Beetz C,
Bauer P,
Yoon G,
Guillot M,
Miller SP,
Bourinaris T,
Houlden H,
Robelin L,
Anheim M,
Alamri AS,
Mahmoud AAH,
Inaloo S,
Habibzadeh P,
Faghihi MA,
Jansen AC,
Brock S,
Roubertie A,
Darras BT,
Agrawal PB,
Santorelli FM,
Gleeson J,
Zaki MS,
Sheikh SI,
Bennett JT,
Sahin M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2020 Oct 1;143(10):2929-2944.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awz307.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32979048" target="_blank">32979048</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7780481" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25178427">Inborn errors of metabolism in the biosynthesis and remodelling of phospholipids.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wortmann SB,
Espeel M,
Almeida L,
Reimer A,
Bosboom D,
Roels F,
de Brouwer AP,
Wevers RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Inherit Metab Dis</span>
2015 Jan;38(1):99-110.
Epub 2014 Sep 2
doi: 10.1007/s10545-014-9759-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25178427" target="_blank">25178427</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24603320">The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ruano L,
Melo C,
Silva MC,
Coutinho P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuroepidemiology</span>
2014;42(3):174-83.
Epub 2014 Mar 5
doi: 10.1159/000358801.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24603320" target="_blank">24603320</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2054%22%20AND%20Etiology%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (26)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Diagnosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36441344">Movement disorders in hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP): a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fereshtehnejad SM,
Saleh PA,
Oliveira LM,
Patel N,
Bhowmick S,
Saranza G,
Kalia LV</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurol Sci</span>
2023 Mar;44(3):947-959.
Epub 2022 Nov 28
doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06516-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36441344" target="_blank">36441344</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9925593" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33581793">Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 11: Clinicogenetic lessons from 339 patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Du J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Neurosci</span>
2021 Mar;85:67-71.
Epub 2021 Jan 15
doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.036.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33581793" target="_blank">33581793</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/32979048">Defining the clinical, molecular and imaging spectrum of adaptor protein complex 4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ebrahimi-Fakhari D,
Teinert J,
Behne R,
Wimmer M,
D'Amore A,
Eberhardt K,
Brechmann B,
Ziegler M,
Jensen DM,
Nagabhyrava P,
Geisel G,
Carmody E,
Shamshad U,
Dies KA,
Yuskaitis CJ,
Salussolia CL,
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D,
Pearson TS,
Saffari A,
Ziegler A,
Kölker S,
Volkmann J,
Wiesener A,
Bearden DR,
Lakhani S,
Segal D,
Udwadia-Hegde A,
Martinuzzi A,
Hirst J,
Perlman S,
Takiyama Y,
Xiromerisiou G,
Vill K,
Walker WO,
Shukla A,
Dubey Gupta R,
Dahl N,
Aksoy A,
Verhelst H,
Delgado MR,
Kremlikova Pourova R,
Sadek AA,
Elkhateeb NM,
Blumkin L,
Brea-Fernández AJ,
Dacruz-Álvarez D,
Smol T,
Ghoumid J,
Miguel D,
Heine C,
Schlump JU,
Langen H,
Baets J,
Bulk S,
Darvish H,
Bakhtiari S,
Kruer MC,
Lim-Melia E,
Aydinli N,
Alanay Y,
El-Rashidy O,
Nampoothiri S,
Patel C,
Beetz C,
Bauer P,
Yoon G,
Guillot M,
Miller SP,
Bourinaris T,
Houlden H,
Robelin L,
Anheim M,
Alamri AS,
Mahmoud AAH,
Inaloo S,
Habibzadeh P,
Faghihi MA,
Jansen AC,
Brock S,
Roubertie A,
Darras BT,
Agrawal PB,
Santorelli FM,
Gleeson J,
Zaki MS,
Sheikh SI,
Bennett JT,
Sahin M</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Brain</span>
2020 Oct 1;143(10):2929-2944.
doi: 10.1093/brain/awz307.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/32979048" target="_blank">32979048</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7780481" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25178427">Inborn errors of metabolism in the biosynthesis and remodelling of phospholipids.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wortmann SB,
Espeel M,
Almeida L,
Reimer A,
Bosboom D,
Roels F,
de Brouwer AP,
Wevers RA</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Inherit Metab Dis</span>
2015 Jan;38(1):99-110.
Epub 2014 Sep 2
doi: 10.1007/s10545-014-9759-7.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25178427" target="_blank">25178427</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24603320">The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ruano L,
Melo C,
Silva MC,
Coutinho P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuroepidemiology</span>
2014;42(3):174-83.
Epub 2014 Mar 5
doi: 10.1159/000358801.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24603320" target="_blank">24603320</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2054%22%20AND%20Diagnosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (24)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Therapy</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34817445">A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Motor Cortex on Lower Extremity Spasticity in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Bastani PB,
Kordjazi M,
Oveisgharan S,
Abdi S</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Neurophysiol</span>
2023 Feb 1;40(2):173-179.
Epub 2021 Nov 23
doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000874.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34817445" target="_blank">34817445</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2054%22%20AND%20Therapy%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (1)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Prognosis</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34715294">The emerging genetic diversity of hereditary spastic paraplegia in Korean patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yang JO,
Yoon JY,
Sung DH,
Yun S,
Lee JJ,
Jun SY,
Halder D,
Jeon SJ,
Woo EJ,
Seok JM,
Cho JW,
Jang JH,
Choi JK,
Kim BJ,
Kim NS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genomics</span>
2021 Nov;113(6):4136-4148.
Epub 2021 Oct 27
doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.10.014.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34715294" target="_blank">34715294</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/30409709">Global, regional, and national burden of motor neuron diseases 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">GBD 2016 Motor Neuron Disease Collaborators</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Lancet Neurol</span>
2018 Dec;17(12):1083-1097.
Epub 2018 Nov 5
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30404-6.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/30409709" target="_blank">30409709</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6234315" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/23909422">A monoclonal antibody against human MUDENG protein.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Wagley Y,
Choi JH,
Wickramanayake DD,
Choi GY,
Kim CK,
Kim TH,
Oh JW</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother</span>
2013 Aug;32(4):277-82.
doi: 10.1089/mab.2013.0015.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/23909422" target="_blank">23909422</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3733323" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/20932283">Mutational spectrum of the SPG4 (SPAST) and SPG3A (ATL1) genes in Spanish patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Alvarez V,
Sánchez-Ferrero E,
Beetz C,
Díaz M,
Alonso B,
Corao AI,
Gámez J,
Esteban J,
Gonzalo JF,
Pascual-Pascual SI,
López de Munain A,
Moris G,
Ribacoba R,
Márquez C,
Rosell J,
Marín R,
García-Barcina MJ,
Del Castillo E,
Benito C,
Coto E;
Group for the Study of the Genetics of Spastic Paraplegia</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">BMC Neurol</span>
2010 Oct 8;10:89.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-89.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/20932283" target="_blank">20932283</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2964648" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/10996781">Hereditary spastic paraplegia associated with peripheral neuropathy: a distinct clinical and genetic entity.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Mostacciuolo ML,
Rampoldi L,
Righetti E,
Vazza G,
Schiavon F,
Angelini C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuromuscul Disord</span>
2000 Oct;10(7):497-502.
doi: 10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00128-0.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/10996781" target="_blank">10996781</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2054%22%20AND%20Prognosis%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (9)</a></div><h3 class="subhead">Clinical prediction guides</h3>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/38332048">DDHD2, whose mutations cause spastic paraplegia type 54, enhances lipophagy via engaging ATG8 family proteins.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Jia F,
Wang X,
Fu Y,
Zhao SM,
Lu B,
Wang C</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Cell Death Differ</span>
2024 Mar;31(3):348-359.
Epub 2024 Feb 8
doi: 10.1038/s41418-024-01261-1.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/38332048" target="_blank">38332048</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10923888" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/34715294">The emerging genetic diversity of hereditary spastic paraplegia in Korean patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Yang JO,
Yoon JY,
Sung DH,
Yun S,
Lee JJ,
Jun SY,
Halder D,
Jeon SJ,
Woo EJ,
Seok JM,
Cho JW,
Jang JH,
Choi JK,
Kim BJ,
Kim NS</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Genomics</span>
2021 Nov;113(6):4136-4148.
Epub 2021 Oct 27
doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.10.014.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/34715294" target="_blank">34715294</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33581793">Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 11: Clinicogenetic lessons from 339 patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Du J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Neurosci</span>
2021 Mar;85:67-71.
Epub 2021 Jan 15
doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.036.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33581793" target="_blank">33581793</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/25341883">Mutation and clinical characteristics of autosomal-dominant hereditary spastic paraplegias in China.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Luo Y,
Chen C,
Zhan Z,
Wang Y,
Du J,
Hu Z,
Liao X,
Zhao G,
Wang J,
Yan X,
Jiang H,
Pan Q,
Xia K,
Tang B,
Shen L</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurodegener Dis</span>
2014;14(4):176-83.
Epub 2014 Oct 22
doi: 10.1159/000365513.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/25341883" target="_blank">25341883</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/14681889">A locus for complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia maps to chromosome 1q24-q32.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Blumen SC,
Bevan S,
Abu-Mouch S,
Negus D,
Kahana M,
Inzelberg R,
Mazarib A,
Mahamid A,
Carasso RL,
Slor H,
Withers D,
Nisipeanu P,
Navon R,
Reid E</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Ann Neurol</span>
2003 Dec;54(6):796-803.
doi: 10.1002/ana.10768.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/14681889" target="_blank">14681889</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2054%22%20AND%20Clinical%20prediction%20guides%2Fbroad%5Bfilter%5D%20%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (18)</a></div></div>
</div>
<div class="portlet mgSection" id="ID_104">
<div class="portlet_head mgSectionHead ui-widget-header"><h1 class="nl" id="Recent_systematic_reviews">Recent systematic reviews</h1><a sid="104" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content"></a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln">
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/36441344">Movement disorders in hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP): a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Fereshtehnejad SM,
Saleh PA,
Oliveira LM,
Patel N,
Bhowmick S,
Saranza G,
Kalia LV</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neurol Sci</span>
2023 Mar;44(3):947-959.
Epub 2022 Nov 28
doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06516-8.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/36441344" target="_blank">36441344</a><a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9925593" target="_blank" class="PubMedFree">Free PMC Article</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/33581793">Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 11: Clinicogenetic lessons from 339 patients.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Du J</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">J Clin Neurosci</span>
2021 Mar;85:67-71.
Epub 2021 Jan 15
doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.036.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/33581793" target="_blank">33581793</a></div>
<div class="nl"><a target="_blank" href="/pubmed/24603320">The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies.</a></div>
<div class="portlet_content ln"><span class="medgenPMauthor">Ruano L,
Melo C,
Silva MC,
Coutinho P</span><br />
<span class="medgenPMjournal">Neuroepidemiology</span>
2014;42(3):174-83.
Epub 2014 Mar 5
doi: 10.1159/000358801.
<span class="bold">PMID: </span><a href="/pubmed/24603320" target="_blank">24603320</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hereditary%20spastic%20paraplegia%2054%22%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D%20AND%20%22english%20and%20humans%22%5Bfilter%5D%20NOT%20comment%5BPTYP%5D%20NOT%20letter%5BPTYP%5D" title="PubMed search">See all (3)</a></div></div>
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