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||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="user_guide">
|
||
User Guide
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-page-header">
|
||
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<div class="actions-container">
|
||
<div class="return-to-search">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
|
||
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Email
|
||
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
|
||
aria-label="Send to"
|
||
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
|
||
href="#"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Clipboard
|
||
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F30396900%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F30396900%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
|
||
<button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
|
||
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
|
||
<div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="format-container">
|
||
<span class="option-label">
|
||
Format
|
||
</span>
|
||
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="S6R2q6e9VWrpDp3AxVWkpf2xaHZrQkdV9TB73WHvvxeTxQ9qaezmTnybILHDJVLf">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
|
||
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Save citation to file
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="S6R2q6e9VWrpDp3AxVWkpf2xaHZrQkdV9TB73WHvvxeTxQ9qaezmTnybILHDJVLf">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="email-action-panel"
|
||
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
|
||
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Email citation
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="S6R2q6e9VWrpDp3AxVWkpf2xaHZrQkdV9TB73WHvvxeTxQ9qaezmTnybILHDJVLf">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 30396900 - PubMed</span>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 30396900"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="a7bc2a09f44df71d80358de177ebc02da0bf402ba56c4d29090acfe35ccd76d1"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
To:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
From:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
|
||
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
|
||
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Send email
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="collections-action-panel"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to Collections
|
||
</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="S6R2q6e9VWrpDp3AxVWkpf2xaHZrQkdV9TB73WHvvxeTxQ9qaezmTnybILHDJVLf">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="controls-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
|
||
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
|
||
</select>
|
||
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to My Bibliography
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
|
||
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="S6R2q6e9VWrpDp3AxVWkpf2xaHZrQkdV9TB73WHvvxeTxQ9qaezmTnybILHDJVLf">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
|
||
<div class="choice-group">
|
||
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
|
||
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="mybib"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your saved search
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
|
||
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
|
||
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="S6R2q6e9VWrpDp3AxVWkpf2xaHZrQkdV9TB73WHvvxeTxQ9qaezmTnybILHDJVLf">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of saved search:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="saved-search-name"
|
||
id="saved-search-name"
|
||
class="saved-search-name"
|
||
value=""
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Search terms:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
|
||
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
|
||
Would you like email updates of new search results?
|
||
</span>
|
||
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
|
||
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Frequency:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
|
||
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
|
||
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
|
||
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
|
||
<option value="day">The first day</option>
|
||
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Report format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
|
||
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Send at most:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
|
||
<option value="1">1 item</option>
|
||
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10 items</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20 items</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50 items</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100 items</option>
|
||
<option value="200">200 items</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
|
||
Send even when there aren't any new results
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Optional text in email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
id="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Create a file for external citation management software
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="S6R2q6e9VWrpDp3AxVWkpf2xaHZrQkdV9TB73WHvvxeTxQ9qaezmTnybILHDJVLf">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your RSS Feed
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
|
||
data-search-form-term-value="">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="S6R2q6e9VWrpDp3AxVWkpf2xaHZrQkdV9TB73WHvvxeTxQ9qaezmTnybILHDJVLf">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of RSS Feed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
placeholder="Name"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="rss-name"
|
||
id="rss-name"
|
||
class="rss-name"
|
||
value=''
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Number of items displayed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
|
||
<option value="5">5</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10</option>
|
||
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Creating..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create RSS
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
|
||
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
disabled
|
||
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="rss"
|
||
data-ga-label="copy">
|
||
Copy
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="30396900">
|
||
<aside class="page-sidebar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
|
||
<div class="full-text-links">
|
||
<div class="full-view">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="full-text-links-list">
|
||
<a class="link-item
|
||
|
||
dialog-focus"
|
||
href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JB.00473-18?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=4487&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=30396900&db=pubmed&nlmid=2985120R"
|
||
title="See full text options at Atypon"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="Atypon"
|
||
data-ga-label="30396900"
|
||
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--journals.asm.org-pb-assets-pubmed-pubmed_JB.png" alt="Atypon full text link"><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Atypon
|
||
|
||
</span></a><a class="link-item
|
||
pmc
|
||
"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/30396900/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=30396900&db=pubmed&nlmid=2985120R"
|
||
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMC"
|
||
data-ga-label="30396900"
|
||
><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Free PMC article
|
||
|
||
</span></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="short-view">
|
||
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="cite"
|
||
data-ga-label="open"
|
||
data-all-citations-url="/30396900/citations/"
|
||
data-citation-style="nlm"
|
||
data-pubmed-format-link="/30396900/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="30396900" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_button"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F30396900%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
|
||
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
|
||
class="dialog collections-dialog"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="S6R2q6e9VWrpDp3AxVWkpf2xaHZrQkdV9TB73WHvvxeTxQ9qaezmTnybILHDJVLf"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label><input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
|
||
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
|
||
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2018 Dec 20;201(2):e00473-18.</span>
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Regulation of Biofilm Aging and Dispersal in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> by the Alternative Sigma Factor SigB
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data-ga-label="U Völker">U Völker</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
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Regulation of Biofilm Aging and Dispersal in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> by the Alternative Sigma Factor SigB
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><sup class="key">1</sup> Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Rosario, Argentina.</li>
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<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
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><sup class="key">2</sup> Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.</li>
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<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
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id="short-view-affiliation-3"
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><sup class="key">3</sup> Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Rosario, Argentina robertograu@fulbrightmail.org.</li>
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Bacterial biofilms are important in natural settings, biotechnology, and medicine. However, regulation of biofilm development and its persistence in different niches is complex and only partially understood. One key step during the biofilm life cycle is dispersal, when motile cells abandon the mature biofilm to spread out and colonize new niches. Here, we show that in the model bacterium <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> the general stress transcription factor SigB is essential for halting detrimental overgrowth of mature biofilm and for triggering dispersal when nutrients become limited. Specifically, SigB-deficient biofilms were larger than wild-type biofilms but exhibited accelerated cell death, significantly greater sensitivity to different stresses, and reduced dispersal. Interestingly, the signal detected by SigB to limit biofilm growth was transduced through the RsbP-dependent metabolic arm of the SigB regulatory cascade, which in turn positively controlled expression of SinR, the master regulator of biofilm formation and cell motility. This novel SigB-SinR regulatory circuit might be important in controlling the fitness of biofilms (either beneficial or harmful) in diverse environments.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Biofilms are crucial for bacterial survival, adaptation, and dissemination in natural, industrial, and medical systems. Sessile cells embedded in the self-produced extracellular matrix of the biofilm benefit from a division of labor and are protected from environmental insults. However, as the biofilm ages, cells become stressed because of overcrowding, starvation, and accumulation of waste products. How does the sessile biofilm community sense and respond to stressful conditions? Here, we show that in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, the transcription factors SigB and SinR control whether cells remain in or leave a biofilm when metabolic conditions become unfavorable. This novel SigB-SinR regulatory circuit might be important for controlling the fitness of biofilms (either beneficial or harmful) in diverse environments.
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Keywords:
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Bacillus subtilis; biofilm aging; biofilm dispersal; sigma B; stress activation.
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<p class="copyright" id="copyright">
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Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.
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<div class="figures" id="figures">
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Figures
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/44e9/6304664/5dcc81978669/JB.00473-18-f0001.gif"
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB expression during the biofilm… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB expression during the biofilm cell cycle. (A) Kinetics of biofilm formation and… </p></div>
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FIG 1
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">SigB expression during the biofilm cell cycle. (A) Kinetics of biofilm formation and expression of the SigB-dependent <i>ctc</i> gene in biofilm-supporting LBY static culture. O.D.<sub>575nm</sub>, optical density at 575 nm; β-Gal, β-galactosidase. (B) Representative photographs from inner biofilm regions of GFP-expressing isogenic JH642 cells (strain MR655) at the indicated development times. Cells from exterior regions of the biofilm did not exhibit significant SigB-directed fluorescence (data not shown). Representative results from three independent experiments performed in parallel are shown. (C) Relative fluorescence intensity, indicated as a percentage of maximal (100%) SigB-directed <i>gfp</i> expression by the JH642 isogenic strain MR655 (<i>amyE</i>::P<i>sigB-gfp</i>::<i>cat</i>). Maximal fluorescence (100%) was considered to occur at 45 h of biofilm incubation. All of the other relative fluorescence levels, at the different times, were calculated as a percentage of the maximum fluorescence observed at 45 h of biofilm development. (D) Percentage of cells taken from inner regions of the biofilm that express GFP (MR655 strain). Each data point shown in panels A, C, and D is the mean ± SEM from a representative experiment performed in triplicate.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB regulates biofilm growth. (A)… </p></div>
|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB regulates biofilm growth. (A) Rate of biofilm (floating pellicle) formation by wild-type… </p></div>
|
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|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">SigB regulates biofilm growth. (A) Rate of biofilm (floating pellicle) formation by wild-type (wt) JH642 and isogenic Δ<i>sigB</i> cells grown in static LBY broth. Inset photographs are representative of typical biofilms developed for 50 h and stained with crystal violet. (B) β-Galactosidase activity of the biofilm-reporter fusion <i>epsG-lacZ</i>::<i>amyE</i> in wild-type and isogenic Δ<i>sigB</i> cells grown in static LBY broth. A typical output of three independent experiments performed in parallel is shown. (C) β-Galactosidase activity of the biofilm-reporter fusion <i>bslA-lacZ</i>::<i>amyE</i> in wild-type and isogenic Δ<i>sigB</i> cells grown in static LBY broth. Each data point is the mean ± SEM. A typical output of three independent experiments performed in parallel is shown.</div>
|
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/44e9/6304664/2cc6bea5b6ae/JB.00473-18-f0003.gif"
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<p> FIG 3 </p>
|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB regulates biofilm fitness. (A)… </p></div>
|
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<p> FIG 3 </p>
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|
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB regulates biofilm fitness. (A) Cell survival in wild-type JH642 and Δ <i> sigB… </i> </p></div>
|
||
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||
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|
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|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">SigB regulates biofilm fitness. (A) Cell survival in wild-type JH642 and Δ<i>sigB</i> (strain MR644) biofilms after a drastic decrease in pH. At the indicated developmental times, wild-type and Δ<i>sigB</i> biofilms were exposed to a pH of 3.0 for 1 h before viable cells were counted, as indicated in Materials and Methods. A typical output of three independent experiments performed in parallel is shown. (B) Cell survival in wild-type JH642 and Δ<i>sigB</i> (strain MR644) biofilms of different ages were measured as the percentage of the total number of fluorescent cells observed in 10 different fields after staining with the LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit (green and red cells are alive and dead cells, respectively). Inset photographs are representative of several pictures taken at the indicated time. Each data point is the mean ± SEM from a representative experiment performed in triplicate.</div>
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||
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/44e9/6304664/180d19d3fa1a/JB.00473-18-f0004.gif"
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB input during the biofilm… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> FIG 4 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB input during the biofilm cell cycle. (A) Cartoon summarizing the three possible… </p></div>
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</div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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<strong class="figure-label">
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FIG 4
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</strong>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">SigB input during the biofilm cell cycle. (A) Cartoon summarizing the three possible routes of SigB activation (see the text for details). (B) Fifty-hour-old biofilms, as observed after crystal violet staining, of wild-type JH642 and isogenic mutants with altered routes of SigB activation: strain MR644 (Δ<i>sigB</i>), strain RG5572 (Δ<i>rsbU</i>), strain RG5573 (Δ<i>rsbP</i>), and strain RG5574 (Δ<i>rsbUP</i>) (Table 1). Representative pictures of five independent experiments are shown. (C) Rate of biofilm (pellicle) formation by the wild type and different isogenic mutants with altered SigB activity shown in panel B. A typical output of three independent experiments performed in parallel is shown. (D) β-Galactosidase activity of the SigB-dependent reporter fusion <i>ctc-lacZ</i>::<i>amyE</i> in wild-type and isogenic mutants with altered SigB activity grown in static LBY broth. (E and F) Cell survival in biofilms of wild-type JH642 and isogenic mutants with altered SigB activity after a drastic decrease in pH (E) or treatment with azide (F). The percentage of cellular survival is referenced to the number of CFU of biofilms of the same age that had not been exposed to stress. For panels B to F, typical output ± SEM from five independent experiments is shown.</div>
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role="button"
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data-image-width="660"
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data-image-height="446"
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data-image-alt="FIG 5"
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data-pmc-id="PMC6304664"
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data-figure-id="F5">
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
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id="article-image-4"
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||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/44e9/6304664/5d842a715211/JB.00473-18-f0005.gif"
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alt="FIG 5" />
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> FIG 5 </p>
|
||
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|
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|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB regulates <i> sinR </i> expression. (A)… </p></div>
|
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||
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> FIG 5 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB regulates <i> sinR </i> expression. (A) β-Galactosidase activity from the <i> sinR-lacZ </i> :: <i> amyE </i> reporter… </p></div>
|
||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
</div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
FIG 5
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">SigB regulates <i>sinR</i> expression. (A) β-Galactosidase activity from the <i>sinR-lacZ</i>::<i>amyE</i> reporter fusion in wild-type and isogenic Δ<i>sigB</i> cells grown in static LBY. Typical output from one of four independent experiments is shown. (B to D) SinR and SigB do not generate additive effects on biofilm growth. Fifty-hour-old representative biofilms developed by standing cultures of the wild type (strain JH642) and isogenic mutants with altered SinR (Δ<i>sinR</i>, strain RG432) and/or SigB (Δ<i>sigB</i> Δ<i>sinR</i>, strain RG5578) activity. Biofilm mass was measured using the crystal violet technique, as indicated. Similar results were observed in several independent experiments. (E) Rate of biofilm formation by the wild type and different isogenic mutants with altered SigB, SinR, and SigB-SinR activities. Each data point in panels A and E is an average ± SEM from five independent representative experiments.</div>
|
||
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|
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||
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||
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||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/44e9/6304664/f12ccd8c4c30/JB.00473-18-f0006.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-5"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="700"
|
||
data-image-height="466"
|
||
data-image-alt="FIG 6"
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC6304664"
|
||
data-figure-id="F6">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-5"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/44e9/6304664/080b23cdf9d1/JB.00473-18-f0006.gif"
|
||
alt="FIG 6" />
|
||
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|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="700">
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||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="466">
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||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> FIG 6 </p>
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB regulates flagellum-dependent motilities in… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> FIG 6 </p>
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB regulates flagellum-dependent motilities in B. subtilis. (A) Swimming proficiencies of wild-type (strain… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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||
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
FIG 6
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">SigB regulates flagellum-dependent motilities in B. subtilis. (A) Swimming proficiencies of wild-type (strain JH642) and isogenic mutants with altered SigB or SinR activity (strains MR644 and RG432, respectively). (B) Swarming proficiencies of the wild type (strain NCIB3610) and isogenic mutants with altered SigB or SinR activity (strains RG5568 and RG4576, respectively). For the swarming experiments, the NCIB3610 strain was utilized instead of the JH642 strain, because the latter strain does not swarm. (C and D) Representative pictures from several independent experiments of top-viewed swimming (C) or swarming (D) cells after 48 h of incubation are shown. Each data point in panels A and B is the mean ± SEM from a representative experiment performed in triplicate.</div>
|
||
|
||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
data-label-slug="fig-7">
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href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/44e9/6304664/b953a200f73d/JB.00473-18-f0007.jpg"
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||
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|
||
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|
||
role="button"
|
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data-image-width="700"
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data-image-height="624"
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data-image-alt="FIG 7"
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data-pmc-id="PMC6304664"
|
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data-figure-id="F7">
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
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id="article-image-6"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/44e9/6304664/68989955617e/JB.00473-18-f0007.gif"
|
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|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> FIG 7 </p>
|
||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB regulates biofilm dispersal. (A… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
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||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
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<p> FIG 7 </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> SigB regulates biofilm dispersal. (A and B) Quantification of cell dispersal from wild-type… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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||
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<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
FIG 7
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">SigB regulates biofilm dispersal. (A and B) Quantification of cell dispersal from wild-type and Δ<i>sigB</i> biofilms. (A) Colonies of JH642 and isogenic Δ<i>sigB</i> and Δ<i>sinR</i> derivatives (strains MR644 and RG432, respectively) developed on 2-cm-diameter wells poured with LBY medium (yellow in the cartoon) prepared with 0.8% agar and incubated for 30 h at 37°C, as indicated in Materials and Methods. At the indicated times, the agar (yellow in the cartoon) surrounding each solid biofilm (green in the cartoon) was carefully removed, and trapped cells were eluted and washed before appropriate serial dilutions were plated on LB agar plates as described in Materials and Methods. After 24 h of incubation at 37°C, the number of CFU ml<sup>−1</sup> was calculated and plotted. The means ± SEM from 10 independent experiments are shown. (B) Colonies of wild-type (JH642), Δ<i>sigB</i> (MR644), and Δ<i>sinR</i> (RG432) strains were developed for 30 h at 37°C on 0.2 ml of LBY medium solidified with 2% agar at the bottom of a glass tube. The colonies were then carefully covered with 2.5 ml of LBY broth (blue in the cartoon) and incubated for another 15 h at 25°C to visualize the cellular ring (new green pellicle biofilm in the cartoon) produced at the liquid-air interface by the dispersed cells (see Materials and Methods for details). Ring cells adhered to the well walls were visualized by crystal violet staining (arrow). In the case of Δ<i>sigB</i> and Δ<i>sinR</i> biofilms, the staining at the bottom of the tubes represents the dispersal-defective SigB and SinR cells adhered to the glass bottom. A typical result from 10 independent experiments is shown. (C) Proposed model for the role of SigB during the biofilm life cycle and its regulation on <i>sinR</i> (see the text for details).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
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||
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McDougald D, Rice SA, Barraud N, Steinberg P, Kjelleberg S. 2011. Should we stay or should we go: mechanisms and ecological consequences for biofilm dispersal. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:39–50. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2695.
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href="/?term=%22Locomotion%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Locomotion%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Locomotion"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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|
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|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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data-search-term=""Locomotion"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label=""Locomotion"[MeSH]"
|
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Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Metabolism"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Metabolism
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Metabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Metabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Metabolism"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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|
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Sigma Factor / deficiency"
|
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tabindex="0"
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|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Sigma Factor / deficiency
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Sigma Factor / deficiency"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Sigma+Factor%2Fdeficiency%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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Search in PubMed
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Sigma Factor / metabolism*"
|
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tabindex="0"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Sigma Factor / metabolism*
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-10"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Sigma Factor / metabolism*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Sigma+Factor%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Sigma+Factor%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Search in PubMed
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|
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Sigma Factor/metabolism"[MAJR]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
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</div>
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Substances
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Bacterial Proteins"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Bacterial Proteins
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Bacterial Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Bacterial+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Bacterial+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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Search in PubMed
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Search in MeSH
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data-search-term=""Bacterial Proteins"[nm]"
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data-ga-label=""Bacterial Proteins"[nm]"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Culture Media"
|
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|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Culture Media
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Culture Media"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Culture+Media%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Culture+Media%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Culture Media"[nm]"
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data-ga-action="substance"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Culture+Media%22"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="substance_link"
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data-ga-label="Culture Media">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Culture Media"[nm]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Culture Media"[nm]"
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href="#">
|
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword SigB protein, Bacteria"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-2"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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SigB protein, Bacteria
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-2"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword SigB protein, Bacteria"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22SigB+protein%2C+Bacteria%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22SigB+protein%2C+Bacteria%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="SigB protein, Bacteria"[nm]"
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Search in PubMed
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""SigB protein, Bacteria"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Sigma Factor"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-3"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Sigma Factor
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-3"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Sigma Factor"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Sigma+Factor%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Sigma+Factor%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Sigma Factor"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="substance"
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data-ga-label="Sigma Factor">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Sigma+Factor%22"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="substance_link"
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data-ga-label="Sigma Factor">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Sigma Factor"[nm]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Sigma Factor"[nm]"
|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword FlaD protein, Bacteria"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-4"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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FlaD protein, Bacteria
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-4"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword FlaD protein, Bacteria"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22FlaD+protein%2C+Bacteria%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22FlaD+protein%2C+Bacteria%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="FlaD protein, Bacteria"[nm]"
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data-ga-label="FlaD protein, Bacteria">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22FlaD+protein%2C+Bacteria%22"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="substance_link"
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data-ga-label="FlaD protein, Bacteria">
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""FlaD protein, Bacteria"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="related-links" class="related-links">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Related information
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="Link to Gene for the GeneRIF subcategory" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?linkname=pubmed_gene_rif&from_uid=30396900"
|
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=30396900&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1">
|
||
Gene (GeneRIF)
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Related information in MedGen" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&from_uid=30396900"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=30396900&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2">
|
||
MedGen
|
||
</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="linkout" class="linkout">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
LinkOut - more resources
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="linkout-list"><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Full Text Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
|
||
href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JB.00473-18?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed"
|
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target="_blank"
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rel="noopener"
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data-ga-action="Full Text Sources"
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data-ga-label="Atypon"
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>
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Atypon
|
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</a></li><li><a
|
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href="https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/30396900"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
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data-ga-label="Europe PubMed Central"
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>
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Europe PubMed Central
|
||
</a></li><li><a
|
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href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/30396900/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
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data-ga-label="PubMed Central"
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>
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PubMed Central
|
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</a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Other Literature Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
|
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href="https://bio-protocol.org/e3425"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
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rel="noopener"
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data-ga-action="Other Literature Sources"
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data-ga-label="Bio-protocol Exchange"
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>
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Bio-protocol Exchange
|
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</a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Molecular Biology Databases</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a
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