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<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iIRXFUoUXk0d9oUxfmNY6QyoCwc7vIlTzvB2iKRgxVNH3P0nSFq0AY42aAUjojTd">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iIRXFUoUXk0d9oUxfmNY6QyoCwc7vIlTzvB2iKRgxVNH3P0nSFq0AY42aAUjojTd">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iIRXFUoUXk0d9oUxfmNY6QyoCwc7vIlTzvB2iKRgxVNH3P0nSFq0AY42aAUjojTd">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iIRXFUoUXk0d9oUxfmNY6QyoCwc7vIlTzvB2iKRgxVNH3P0nSFq0AY42aAUjojTd">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iIRXFUoUXk0d9oUxfmNY6QyoCwc7vIlTzvB2iKRgxVNH3P0nSFq0AY42aAUjojTd">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="30288727">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub4"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3058&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=30288727&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100909747"
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data-ga-action="Wiley"
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Wiley
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/30288727/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=30288727&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=100909747"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="30288727"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/30288727/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/30288727/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="30288727" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F30288727%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="iIRXFUoUXk0d9oUxfmNY6QyoCwc7vIlTzvB2iKRgxVNH3P0nSFq0AY42aAUjojTd"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
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Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women
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<p>
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Background:
</strong>
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is the most commonly used physical therapy treatment for women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). It is sometimes also recommended for mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) and, less commonly, urgency urinary incontinence (UUI).This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2001 and last updated in 2014.
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To assess the effects of PFMT for women with urinary incontinence (UI) in comparison to no treatment, placebo or sham treatments, or other inactive control treatments; and summarise the findings of relevant economic evaluations.
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Search methods:
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We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Specialised Register (searched 12 February 2018), which contains trials identified from CENTRAL, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, handsearching of journals and conference proceedings, and the reference lists of relevant articles.
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Selection criteria:
</strong>
Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials in women with SUI, UUI or MUI (based on symptoms, signs or urodynamics). One arm of the trial included PFMT. Another arm was a no treatment, placebo, sham or other inactive control treatment arm.
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Data collection and analysis:
</strong>
At least two review authors independently assessed trials for eligibility and risk of bias. We extracted and cross-checked data. A third review author resolved disagreements. We processed data as described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We subgrouped trials by diagnosis of UI. We undertook formal meta-analysis when appropriate.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Main results:
</strong>
The review included 31 trials (10 of which were new for this update) involving 1817 women from 14 countries. Overall, trials were of small-to-moderate size, with follow-ups generally less than 12 months and many were at moderate risk of bias. There was considerable variation in the intervention's content and duration, study populations and outcome measures. There was only one study of women with MUI and only one study with UUI alone, with no data on cure, cure or improvement, or number of episodes of UI for these subgroups.Symptomatic cure of UI at the end of treatment: compared with no treatment or inactive control treatments, women with SUI who were in the PFMT groups were eight times more likely to report cure (56% versus 6%; risk ratio (RR) 8.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.68 to 19.07; 4 trials, 165 women; high-quality evidence). For women with any type of UI, PFMT groups were five times more likely to report cure (35% versus 6%; RR 5.34, 95% CI 2.78 to 10.26; 3 trials, 290 women; moderate-quality evidence).Symptomatic cure or improvement of UI at the end of treatment: compared with no treatment or inactive control treatments, women with SUI who were in the PFMT groups were six times more likely to report cure or improvement (74% versus 11%; RR 6.33, 95% CI 3.88 to 10.33; 3 trials, 242 women; moderate-quality evidence). For women with any type of UI, PFMT groups were two times more likely to report cure or improvement than women in the control groups (67% versus 29%; RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.64 to 3.47; 2 trials, 166 women; moderate-quality evidence).UI-specific symptoms and quality of life (QoL) at the end of treatment: compared with no treatment or inactive control treatments, women with SUI who were in the PFMT group were more likely to report significant improvement in UI symptoms (7 trials, 376 women; moderate-quality evidence), and to report significant improvement in UI QoL (6 trials, 348 women; low-quality evidence). For any type of UI, women in the PFMT group were more likely to report significant improvement in UI symptoms (1 trial, 121 women; moderate-quality evidence) and to report significant improvement in UI QoL (4 trials, 258 women; moderate-quality evidence). Finally, for women with mixed UI treated with PFMT, there was one small trial (12 women) reporting better QoL.Leakage episodes in 24 hours at the end of treatment: PFMT reduced leakage episodes by one in women with SUI (mean difference (MD) 1.23 lower, 95% CI 1.78 lower to 0.68 lower; 7 trials, 432 women; moderate-quality evidence) and in women with all types of UI (MD 1.00 lower, 95% CI 1.37 lower to 0.64 lower; 4 trials, 349 women; moderate-quality evidence).Leakage on short clinic-based pad tests at the end of treatment: women with SUI in the PFMT groups lost significantly less urine in short (up to one hour) pad tests. The comparison showed considerable heterogeneity but the findings still favoured PFMT when using a random-effects model (MD 9.71 g lower, 95% CI 18.92 lower to 0.50 lower; 4 trials, 185 women; moderate-quality evidence). For women with all types of UI, PFMT groups also reported less urine loss on short pad tests than controls (MD 3.72 g lower, 95% CI 5.46 lower to 1.98 lower; 2 trials, 146 women; moderate-quality evidence).Women in the PFMT group were also more satisfied with treatment and their sexual outcomes were better. Adverse events were rare and, in the two trials that did report any, they were minor. The findings of the review were largely supported by the 'Summary of findings' tables, but most of the evidence was downgraded to moderate on methodological grounds. The exception was 'participant-perceived cure' in women with SUI, which was rated as high quality.
</p>
<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Authors&#x27; conclusions:
</strong>
Based on the data available, we can be confident that PFMT can cure or improve symptoms of SUI and all other types of UI. It may reduce the number of leakage episodes, the quantity of leakage on the short pad tests in the clinic and symptoms on UI-specific symptom questionnaires. The authors of the one economic evaluation identified for the Brief Economic Commentary reported that the cost-effectiveness of PFMT looks promising. The findings of the review suggest that PFMT could be included in first-line conservative management programmes for women with UI. The long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PFMT needs to be further researched.
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Conflict of interest statement
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">CD: none known. LPC: none known. JHS: none known.</p>
<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">CD and JHS have both published trials investigating the effects of PFMT. Both trials were excluded from this review based on the participants (antenatal and postnatal women) or the comparison interventions (one type of PFMT versus another).</p>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 May 14;(5):CD005654. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub3.</span>
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References
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<div id='top-references-list' class="references-lists-container">
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">References to studies included in this review</h4>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Aksac 2003 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-2" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Aksac B, Aki S, Karan A, Yalcin O, Isikoglu M. Biofeedback and pelvic floor exercises for the rehabilitation of urinary stress incontinence. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2003;56(1):23‐7. [sr‐incont16421]
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class="reference-link"
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ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Asklund 2017 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-3" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Asklund I, Nyström E, Sjöström M, Umefjord G, Stenlund H, Samuelsson E. Mobile app for treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2017;36(5):1369‐76. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.23116; NCT01848938; sr‐incont73594]
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23116"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
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DOI
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ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
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PubMed
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<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Asklund I, Nyström E, Sjöström M, Umefjord G, Stenlund H, Samuelsson E. Treatment of stress urinary incontinence via a smartphone application: a randomised controlled trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2015;34(S3):S40‐2. [SR‐INCONT68764]
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ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
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</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Hoffman V, Soderstrom L, Samuelsson E. Self‐management of stress urinary incontinence via a mobile app: two‐year follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2017;96(10):1180‐7. [SR‐INCONT76865]
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5638068/"
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PMC
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PubMed
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<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Lindh A, Sjostrom M, Stenlund H, Samuelsson E. Non‐face‐to‐face treatment of stress urinary incontinence: predictors of success after 1 year. International Urogynecology Journal 2016;27(12):1857‐65. [SR‐INCONT76609 ]
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5124436/"
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PubMed
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<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Sjostrom M, Lindholm L, Samuelsson E. Mobile app for treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a cost‐effectiveness analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(5):e154. [SR‐INCONT76798]
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5440735/"
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Bertotto 2017 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-4" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Bertotto A, Schvartzman R, Wender MCO. Effect of electromyographic biofeedback as an add‐on to pelvic floor muscle exercises on neuromuscular outcomes and quality of life in postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2017;36(8):2142‐7. [NCT02275728; SR‐INCONT76926]
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/28508398/"
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PubMed
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Beuttenmuller 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-5" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Beuttenmuller L, Cader SA, Macena RHM, Araujo NDS, Nunes EFC, Dantas EHM. Muscle contraction of the pelvic floor and quality of life of women with stress urinary incontinence who underwent kinesitherapy. Fizjoterapia 2010;18(1):35‐41. [SR‐INCONT43326]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Bidmead 2002 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-6" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Bidmead J, Mantle J, Cardozo L, Hextall A, Boos K. Home electrical stimulation in addition to conventional pelvic floor exercises: a useful adjunct or expensive distraction? (abstract number 68). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2002;21(4):372‐3. [sr‐incont14546]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Parsons M, Mantle J, Cardozo L, Hextall A, Boos K, Bidmead J. A single blind, randomised, controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training with home electrical stimulation in the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence (abstract number 296). 34th Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society; 2004 Aug 25‐27; Paris, France. 2004.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Burgio 1998 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-7" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Burgio KL, Locher JL, Goode PS. Combined behavioral and drug therapy for urge incontinence in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2000;48(4):370‐4.
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<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Burgio KL, Locher JL, Goode PS, Hardin JM, McDowell BJ, Dombrowski M, et al. Behavioral vs drug treatment for urge urinary incontinence in older women. JAMA 1998;280(23):1995‐2000.
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</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Burgio KL, Locher JL, Roth DL, Goode PS. Psychological improvements associated with behavioral and drug treatment of urge incontinence in older women. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2001;56(1):46‐51.
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</li>
<li>
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<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Goode PS, Burgio KL, Locher JL, Umlauf MG, Lloyd D, Roth DL. Urodynamic changes associated with behavioral and drug treatment of urge incontinence in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(5):808‐16.
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</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Burns 1993 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-8" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Burns PA, Nochajksi TH, Pranikoff K. Factors discriminating between genuine stress and mixed incontinence. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 1992;4(1):15‐21.
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<a
class="reference-link"
href="/1605988/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="1605988"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Burns PA, Pranikoff K, Nochajski T, Desotelle P, Harwood MK. Treatment of stress incontinence with pelvic floor exercises and biofeedback. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1990;38(3):341‐4.
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<a
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data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="2179379"
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PubMed
</a>
</li>
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</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Burns PA, Pranikoff K, Nochajski TH, Hadley EC, Levy KJ, Ory MG. A comparison of effectiveness of biofeedback and pelvic muscle exercise treatment of stress incontinence in older community dwelling women. Journal of Gerontology 1993;48(4):M167‐74.
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PubMed
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Bø 1999 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-9" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Bø K, Talseth T, Home I. Single blind, randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women. BMJ 1999;318(7182):487‐93. [sr‐incont6654]
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<a
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ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
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data-ga-action="PMC27740"
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PMC
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PubMed
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</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Carneiro 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-10" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Carneiro EF, Araujo Ndos S, Beuttenmull L, Vieira PC, Cader SA, Cader SA, et al. The anatomical‐functional characteristics of the pelvic floor and quality of life of women with stress urinary incontinence subjected to perineal exercises [Las caracteristicas anatomofuncionales del suelo pelvico y la calidad de vida de mujeres con incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo sometidas a ejercicios perineales]. Actas Urologicas Espanolas 2010;34(9):788‐93. [SR‐INCONT40377]
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Castro 2008 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-11" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Castro RA, Arruda RM, Zanetti MR, Santos PD, Sartori MG, Girao MJ. Single‐blind, randomized, controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no active treatment in the management of stress urinary incontinence. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2008;63(4):465‐72. [sr‐incont27760]
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</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Celiker Tosun 2015 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-12" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Celiker Tosun O, Mutlu EK, Ergenoglu AM, Yeniel AO, Tosun G, Malkoc M, et al. Are symptoms of urinary incontinence reduced in patients when the muscles of the pelvic floor are strengthened through PFM training? What is the relationship between symptoms and strength [abstract 409]. 43rd annual meeting of the International Continence Society; 2013 Aug 27‐31; Barcelona, Spain. 2013. [SR‐INCONT67955]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Celiker Tosun O, Mutlu EK, Ergenoglu AM, Yeniel AO, Tosun G, Malkoc M, et al. Determining the effect of PFM exercises in UI treatment on PFM strength by non‐invasive method, randomised trail [abstract 582]. 43rd annual meeting of the International Continence Society; 2013 Aug 27‐31; Barcelona, Spain. 2013. [SR‐INCONT50616]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Celiker Tosun O, Mutlu EK, Ergenoglu AM, Yeniel AO, Tosun G, Malkoc M, et al. Does pelvic floor muscle training abolish symptoms of urinary incontinence? A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2015;29(6):525‐37. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215514546768; SR‐INCONT68112]
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Diokno 2010 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-13" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Diokno AC, Ocampo MS Jr, Ibrahim IA, Karl CR, Lajiness MJ, Hall SA. Group session teaching of behavioral modification program (BMP) for urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial among incontinent women. International Urology and Nephrology 2010;42(2):375‐81. [SR‐INCONT39469]
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<a
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PubMed
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<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Ferreira 2014 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-14" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Ferreira S, Ferreira M, Carvalhais A, Santos PC, Rocha P, Brochado G. Reeducation of pelvic floor muscles in volleyball athletes. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira 2014;60(5):428‐33. [10.1590/1806‐9282.60.05.010; SR‐INCONT66745]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Firra 2013 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-15" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Firra J, Thompson M, Smith SS. Paradoxical findings in the treatment of predominant stress and urge incontinence: a pilot study with exercise and electrical stimulation. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy 2013;37(3):113‐23. [DOI: 10.1097/JWH.0000000000000003; SR‐INCONT61836]
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href="https://doi.org/10.1097/jwh.0000000000000003"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1097/JWH.0000000000000003"
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DOI
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</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Firra JC. Effects of Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Women: Exercise or Electrical Stimulation or Both [PhD thesis]. Denton (TX): Texas Woman's University, 2008:1‐206. [sr‐incont47108]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Henalla 1989 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-16" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Henalla SM, Hutchins CJ, Robinson P, MacVicar J. Non‐operative methods in the treatment of female genuine stress incontinence of urine. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1989;9(3):222‐5. [sr‐incont2637]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Henalla 1990 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-17" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Henalla SM, Millar DR, Wallace KJ. Surgical versus conservative management for post‐menopausal genuine stress incontinence of urine (abstract number 87). Neurourology and Urodynamics 1990;9(4):436‐7. [sr‐incont5117]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Hofbauer 1990 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-18" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Hofbauer VJ, Preisinger F, Nurnberger N. The value of physical therapy in genuine female stress incontinence [Der Stellenwert der Physikotherapie bei der weiblichen genuinen Stress‐inkontinenz]. Zeitschrift fur Urologie und Nephrologie 1990;83(5):249‐54. [SR‐INCONT350]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/2203214/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="2203214"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Preisinger E, Hofbauer J, Nurnberger N, Sadil S, Schneider B. Possibilities of physiotherapy for urinary stress incontinence [Möglichkeiten der physikalischen therapie bei Streßinkontinenz]. Zeitschrift fur physikalische Medizin, Balneologie, med. Klimatologie 1990;19(2):75‐9. [0720‐9762; SR‐INCONT6314]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Kargar Jahromi 2013 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-19" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Kargar Jahromi M, Talebizadeh M, Mirzaei M. The effect of pelvic muscle exercises on urinary incontinency and self‐esteem of elderly females with stress urinary incontinency, 2013. Global Journal of Health Science 2015;7(2):71‐9. [DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n2p71; SRINCONT66372]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v7n2p71"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.5539/gjhs.v7n2p71"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4796457/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC4796457"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/25716389/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="25716389"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Kim 2007 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-20" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Kim H, Suzuki T, Yoshida Y, Yoshida H. Effectiveness of multidimensional exercises for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in elderly community‐dwelling Japanese women: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(12):1932‐9. [sr‐incont26012]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/17944890/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="17944890"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Kim 2011a {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-21" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Kim H, Yoshida H, Suzuki T. Effects of exercise treatment with or without heat and steam generating sheet on urine loss in community‐dwelling Japanese elderly women with urinary incontinence. Geriatrics &amp; Gerontology International 2011;11(4):452‐9. [SR‐INCONT42661]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21545385/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21545385"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Kim 2011b {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-22" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Kim H, Yoshida H, Suzuki T. Exercises treatment to reduce the urine leakage in elderly community‐dwelling Japanese women with stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence [abstract 772]. 39th Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS); 2009 Sept 29 ‐ Oct 3, San Francisco, CA. 2009. [SR‐INCONT35628]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Kim H, Yoshida H, Suzuki T. The effects of multidimensional exercise treatment on community‐dwelling elderly Japanese women with stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(10):1165‐72. [SR‐INCONT42657]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21459381/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21459381"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Lagro‐Janssen 1991a {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-23" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Lagro‐Janssen AL, Debruyne FM, Smits AJ, Weel C. The effects of treatment of urinary incontinence in general practice. Family Practice 1992;9(3):284‐9.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/1459383/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="1459383"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Lagro‐Janssen T, Weel C. Long‐term effect of treatment of female incontinence in general practice. British Journal of General Practice 1998;48(436):1735‐8.
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1313263/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC1313263"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/10198479/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10198479"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Lagro‐Janssen TL, Debruyne FM, Smits AJ, Weel C. Controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence in general practice. British Journal of General Practice 1991;41(352):445‐9. [sr‐incont232]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1371786/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC1371786"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/1807303/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="1807303"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Leong 2015 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-24" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Leong BS, Mok NW. Effectiveness of a new standardised Urinary Continence Physiotherapy Programme for community‐dwelling older women in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2015;21(1):30‐7. [DOI: 10.12809/hkmj134185; SR‐INCONT66405]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj134185"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.12809/hkmj134185"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/25377297/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="25377297"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">McLean 2013 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-25" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
McLean L, Varette K, Gentilcore‐Saulnier E, Harvey MA, Baker K, Sauerbrei E. Pelvic floor muscle training in women with stress urinary incontinence causes hypertrophy of the urethral sphincters and reduces bladder neck mobility during coughing. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2013;32(8):1096‐102. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22343; SR‐INCONT49427]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.22343"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1002/nau.22343"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4894819/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC4894819"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/23861324/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="23861324"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Miller 1998 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-26" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Miller JM, Ashton‐Miller JA, DeLancey JO. A pelvic muscle precontraction can reduce cough‐related urine loss in selected women with mild SUI. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1998;46(7):870‐4. [sr‐incont6659]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/9670874/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="9670874"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Pereira 2011 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-27" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Nascimento‐Correia G, Santos‐Pereira V, Tahara N, Driusso P. Effects of pelvic floor muscle training on quality of life of a group of women with urinary incontinence: randomized controlled trial [Efectos del fortalecimiento del suelo pelvico en la calidad de vida de un grupo de mujeres con incontinencia urinaria: estudio aleatorizado controlado]. Actas Urologicas Espanolas 2012;36(4):216‐21. [sr‐incont44721]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21959066/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21959066"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Pereira VS, Correia GN, Driusso P. Individual and group pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment in female stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled pilot study. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2011;159(2):465‐71. [SR‐INCONT42734]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/21962461/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="21962461"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Pereira VS, Melo MV, Correia GN, Driusso P. Long‐term effects of pelvic floor muscle training with vaginal cone in post‐menopausal women with urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2013;32(1):48‐52. [SR‐INCONT46703]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/22674639/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="22674639"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Pereira VS, Melo MV, Correia GN, Driusso P. Vaginal cone for postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence: randomized, controlled trial. Climacteric 2012;15(1):45‐51. [SR‐INCONT42979]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/22066898/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="22066898"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Sar 2009 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-28" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Sar D, Khorshid L. The effects of pelvic floor muscle training on stress and mixed urinary incontinence and quality of life. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing 2009;36(4):429‐35. [SR‐INCONT32103]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/19609165/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="19609165"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Solberg 2016 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-29" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Solberg M, Alraek T, Mdala I, Klovning A. A pilot study on the use of acupuncture or pelvic floor muscle training for mixed urinary incontinence. Acupuncture in Medicine 2016;34(1):7‐13. [DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-010828; SR‐INCONT70460]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2015-010828"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1136/acupmed-2015-010828"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4789711/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC4789711"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/26362793/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="26362793"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Sran 2016 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-30" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Dumoulin C, Sran M, Lieblich P, Wilson P. Physiotherapy significantly reduces leakage in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and urinary incontinence: result of a parallel RCT [abstract 130]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2011;30(6):985.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Sran M, Mercier J, Wilson P, Lieblich P, Dumoulin C. Physical therapy for urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or low bone density: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause 2016;23(3):286‐93. [DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000594; SR‐INCONT70407]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0000000000000594"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1097/GME.0000000000000594"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/26886884/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="26886884"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Wells 1999 {published and unpublished data}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-31" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Wells TJ, Mayor RD, Brink CA, Brown R. Pelvic floor muscle exercise: a controlled clinical trial (unpublished manuscript as supplied 3 November 2008). Manuscript on file (unpublished work; however, portions were presented at the 16th annual scientific meeting of the American Urogynecologic Society; 1999 Oct 12‐15; Seattle (WA)). [sr‐incont26977]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Yoon 2003 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-32" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Yoon HS, Song HH, Ro YJ. A comparison of effectiveness of bladder training and pelvic muscle exercise on female urinary incontinence. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2003;40(1):45‐50. [sr‐incont15700]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/12550149/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="12550149"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h4 class="refs-list-title">References to studies excluded from this review</h4>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Abdulaziz 2012 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-34" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Abdulaziz K, Hasan T. Role of pelvic floor muscle therapy in obese perimenopausal females with stress incontinence: a randomized control trial. Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012; Vol. 16, issue 2. [1528‐8439]
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Albers‐Heitner 2008 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-35" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Albers‐Heitner P, Berghmans B, Joore M, Lagro‐Janssen T, Severens J, Nieman F, et al. The effects of involving a nurse practitioner in primary care for adult patients with urinary incontinence: the PromoCon study (Promoting Continence). BMC Health Services Research 2008;8:84. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-8-84]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-8-84"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1186/1472-6963-8-84"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2386786/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="PMC2386786"
>
PMC
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/18412964/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=3"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="18412964"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Albers‐Heitner 2013 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-36" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
Albers‐Heitner P, Winkens R, Berghmans B, Joore M, Nieman F, Severens J, et al. Consumer satisfaction among patients and their general practitioners about involving nurse specialists in primary care for patients with urinary incontinence. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2013;27(2):253‐9. [DOI: 10.1111/j1471-6712.2012.01023.x; ISRCTN62722772; SR‐INCONT48048]
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j1471-6712.2012.01023.x"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="10.1111/j1471-6712.2012.01023.x"
>
DOI
</a>
-
<a
class="reference-link"
href="/22651242/"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=2"
data-ga-category="reference"
data-ga-action="22651242"
>
PubMed
</a>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="refs-list">
<h5 class="refs-list-title">Alves 2014 {published data only}</h5>
<ol id="top-references-list-37" class="references-list">
<li>
<ol class="references-and-notes-list">
<li
class="skip-numbering"
value="1">
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">McLean 2015 {published data only}</h5>
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Miller 2009 {published data only}</h5>
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<h5 class="refs-list-title">Ramsay 1990 {published data only}</h5>
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href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd005654"
ref="linksrc=references_link&amp;ordinalpos=1"
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Publication types
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