490 lines
29 KiB
HTML
490 lines
29 KiB
HTML
|
||
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||
<html lang="en" id="understanding_genetics" class="nojs us" data-root="https://medlineplus.gov/">
|
||
|
||
<head>
|
||
|
||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" />
|
||
<meta http-equiv="window-target" content="_top" />
|
||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="canonical" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/neutralmutations/" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/neutralmutations/" />
|
||
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/genetica/entender/variantesytrastornos/variantesneutral/" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<meta name="ac-dictionary" content="medlineplus-ac-dictionary" />
|
||
|
||
<meta name="description" content="Only a small percent of gene variants (or mutations) cause genetic disorders. Some may even be beneficial, but most do not affect health and development at all." />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/touch-icon.png" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
<meta property="fb:app_id" content="1042245625821448" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<meta property="og:title" content="Do all gene variants affect health and development?: MedlinePlus Genetics" />
|
||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/neutralmutations/" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://medlineplus.gov/images/mplus_fb.jpg" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<meta property="og:description" content="Only a small percent of gene variants (or mutations) cause genetic disorders. Some may even be beneficial, but most do not affect health and development at all." />
|
||
|
||
|
||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@medlineplus" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@medlineplus" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Do all gene variants affect health and development?: MedlinePlus Genetics" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Only a small percent of gene variants (or mutations) cause genetic disorders. Some may even be beneficial, but most do not affect health and development at all." />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://medlineplus.gov/images/mplus_fb.png" />
|
||
|
||
<meta name="twitter:image:alt" content=""/>
|
||
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<title>Do all gene variants affect health and development?: MedlinePlus Genetics</title>
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://medlineplus.gov/css/common_new.css?1738957188289" />
|
||
<!--[if IE 8]> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://medlineplus.gov/css/ie8/common.css"> <![endif]-->
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://medlineplus.gov/uswds/css/uswds_styles.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://medlineplus.gov/utilities/lostatic.css">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">document.getElementsByTagName('html')[0].className = document.getElementsByTagName('html')[0].className.replace( /(?:^|\s)nojs(?!\S)/g , '').trim();</script>
|
||
<script src="https://medlineplus.gov/uswds/js/uswds-init.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
|
||
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
|
||
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
|
||
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
|
||
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MMVM77');</script>
|
||
</head>
|
||
|
||
<body>
|
||
|
||
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MMVM77"
|
||
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" title="googletagmanager"></iframe></noscript>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a name="top" id="top"></a>
|
||
<a class="hide-offscreen" href="#start">Skip navigation</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<section
|
||
class="usa-banner"
|
||
aria-label="Official website of the United States government"
|
||
>
|
||
<div class="usa-accordion">
|
||
<header class="usa-banner__header">
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__inner">
|
||
<div class="grid-col-auto">
|
||
<img
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
class="usa-banner__header-flag"
|
||
src="https://medlineplus.gov/uswds/img/us_flag_small.png"
|
||
alt=""
|
||
/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<p class="usa-banner__header-text">
|
||
An official website of the United States government
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p class="usa-banner__header-action">Here’s how you know</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="gov-banner-default-default"
|
||
>
|
||
<span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content"
|
||
id="gov-banner-default-default"
|
||
>
|
||
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg">
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6">
|
||
<img
|
||
class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img"
|
||
src="https://medlineplus.gov/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg"
|
||
role="img"
|
||
alt=""
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
/>
|
||
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Official websites use .gov</strong><br />A
|
||
<strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government
|
||
organization in the United States.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6">
|
||
<img
|
||
class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img"
|
||
src="https://medlineplus.gov/uswds/img/icon-https.svg"
|
||
role="img"
|
||
alt=""
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
/>
|
||
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong><br />A
|
||
<strong>lock</strong> (
|
||
<span class="icon-lock"
|
||
><svg
|
||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||
width="52"
|
||
height="64"
|
||
viewBox="0 0 52 64"
|
||
class="usa-banner__lock-image"
|
||
role="img"
|
||
aria-labelledby="banner-lock-description-default"
|
||
focusable="false"
|
||
>
|
||
<title id="banner-lock-title-default">Lock</title>
|
||
<desc id="banner-lock-description-default">Locked padlock icon</desc>
|
||
<path
|
||
fill="#000000"
|
||
fill-rule="evenodd"
|
||
d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"
|
||
/>
|
||
</svg> </span
|
||
>) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to
|
||
the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official,
|
||
secure websites.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="mplus-wrap">
|
||
<header>
|
||
<div id="mplus-header">
|
||
|
||
<div id="mplus-orgs">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" class="nih-org" target="_blank" title="National Institutes of Health">
|
||
<img class="nihlogo" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nihlogo.png" alt="National Institutes of Health"/>
|
||
</a><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/" target="_blank"> National Library of Medicine</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="mplus-logo" class="years-25">
|
||
<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/">
|
||
<img alt="MedlinePlus Trusted Health Information for You" title="MedlinePlus Trusted Health Information for You" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/m_logo_25.png"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="mplus-nav">
|
||
|
||
<div aria-live="polite" class="sm-live-area hide-offscreen"></div>
|
||
<button id="sm-menu-btn" class="navmenu-btn" title="Menu" role="button" aria-controls="mplus-menu-list" type="submit">Menu<span class="icon icon-nav-menu"></span></button>
|
||
<ul id="mplus-menu-list" class="nav-list">
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/healthtopics.html">Health Topics</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginformation.html">Drugs & Supplements</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/">Genetics</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/">Medical Tests</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/encyclopedia.html">Medical Encyclopedia</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/about/">About MedlinePlus</a></li>
|
||
</ul><button id="sm-search-btn" class="navmenu-btn" title="Search" role="button" aria-controls="mplus-search" type="submit"><span class="hide-offscreen"></span>Search<span class="icon icon-nav-search"></span></button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="top-1">
|
||
|
||
<form id="mplus-search" method="get" action="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta" title="Search MedlinePlus" target="_self">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="v:project" value="medlineplus"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="v:sources" value="medlineplus-bundle"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-box text-combo">
|
||
<div class="form-area"><label class="hide-offscreen" for="searchtext_primary">Search MedlinePlus</label>
|
||
<input id="searchtext_primary" class="form-text" type="text" placeholder="Search MedlinePlus" alt="#Site Search input" title="Site Search input" maxlength="400" size="40" name="query" autocomplete="off" role="textbox" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-haspopup="true"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="button-area">
|
||
<button class="form-btn" title="Search MedlinePlus" alt="Search MedlinePlus" type="submit">GO</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
<div class="secondarynav">
|
||
<ul class="nav-list">
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/about/"><span>About MedlinePlus</span></a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/whatsnew/">What's New</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/sitemap.html"><span>Site Map</span></a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/knowledgebase/category/?id=CAT-01231&category=medlineplus&from=https%3A//medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/neutralmutations/" target="_blank"><span>Customer Support</span></a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="mplus-nav-bar">
|
||
<ul class="nav-list">
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/healthtopics.html">Health Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginformation.html">Drugs & Supplements</a></li><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/">Genetics</a></li><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/">Medical Tests</a></li><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/encyclopedia.html">Medical Encyclopedia</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="mplus-lang-toggle" href="https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/genetica/entender/variantesytrastornos/variantesneutral/" title="Español">Español</a>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
<div id="mplus-content">
|
||
|
||
<div id="breadcrumbs">
|
||
<div itemprop="breadcrumb" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">
|
||
<span class="hide-offscreen">You Are Here:</span>
|
||
<div itemscope itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem">
|
||
<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a>
|
||
→
|
||
<meta itemprop="position" content="1"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div itemscope itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem">
|
||
<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Genetics</span></a>
|
||
→
|
||
<meta itemprop="position" content="2"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div itemscope itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem">
|
||
<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Help Me Understand Genetics</span></a>
|
||
→
|
||
<meta itemprop="position" content="3"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div itemscope itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem">
|
||
<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Variants and Health</span></a>
|
||
→
|
||
<meta itemprop="position" content="4"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div>
|
||
<span>Do all gene variants affect health and development?</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<span class="page-url print-only">URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/neutralmutations/</span>
|
||
|
||
<div >
|
||
|
||
<article>
|
||
<div class="page-info">
|
||
<div class="page-title">
|
||
<a name="start" id="start"></a>
|
||
<h1>Do all gene variants affect health and development?</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="page-actions"></div>
|
||
<noscript><span class="js-disabled-message">To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript.</span></noscript>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="main">
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>No; only a small percentage of variants cause genetic disorders—most have no impact on health or development. For example, some variants alter a gene's DNA sequence but do not change the function of the protein made from the gene.</p>
|
||
<p>Often, gene variants that could cause a genetic disorder are repaired by certain enzymes before the gene is expressed and an altered protein is produced. Each cell has a number of pathways through which enzymes recognize and repair errors in DNA. Because DNA can be changed or damaged in many ways, DNA repair is an important process by which the body protects itself from disease.</p>
|
||
<p>A very small percentage of all variants actually have a positive effect. These variants lead to new versions of proteins that help an individual better adapt to changes in his or her environment. For example, a beneficial variant could result in a protein that protects an individual and future generations from a new strain of bacteria.</p>
|
||
<p>Because a person's genetic code can have many variants with no effect on health, diagnosing genetic disorders can be difficult.</p>
|
||
<p>When determining if a gene variant is associated with a genetic disorder, the variant is evaluated using scientific research to date, such as information on how the variant affects the function or production of the protein that is made from the gene and previous variant classification data. The variant is then classified on a spectrum based on how likely the variant is to lead to the disorder.</p>
|
||
<p>Gene variants, as they relate to genetic disorders, are classified into one of five groups:</p>
|
||
<ul><li><strong>Pathogenic</strong>: The variant is responsible for causing disease. There is ample scientific research to support an association between the disease and the gene variant. These variants are often referred to as mutations.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Likely pathogenic</strong>: The variant is probably responsible for causing disease, but there is not enough scientific research to be certain.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Variant of uncertain significance (VUS or VOUS)</strong>: The variant cannot be confirmed to play a role in the development of disease. There may not be enough scientific research to confirm or refute a disease association or the research may be conflicting.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Likely benign</strong>: The variant is probably not responsible for causing disease, but there is not enough scientific research to be certain.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Benign</strong>: The variant is not responsible for causing disease. There is ample scientific research to disprove an association between the disease and the gene variant.</li></ul>
|
||
<p>Evaluation needs to be done for each variant. Just because a gene is associated with a disease, does not mean that all variants in that gene are pathogenic. Additionally, evaluation of a variant needs to be done for all diseases with which it is thought to be associated. A variant that is pathogenic for one disease, is not necessarily pathogenic for a different disease. It is important to re-evaluate variants periodically; the classification of a variant can change over time as more information about the effects of variants becomes known through additional scientific research.</p>
|
||
<h2>Scientific journal article for further reading</h2>
|
||
<p>Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, Bick D, Das S, Gastier-Foster J, Grody WW, Hegde M, Lyon E, Spector E, Voelkerding K, Rehm HL; ACMG Laboratory Quality Assurance Committee. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med. 2015 May;17(5):405-24. doi: 10.1038/gim.2015.30. Epub 2015 Mar 5. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25741868/">25741868</a>; PMCID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4544753/">PMC4544753</a>.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="side">
|
||
<aside>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="side-section"><div class="mp-content"><div class="section-header long-header"><h2>For more information about the health effects of gene variants:</h2></div>
|
||
<div class="section-body"><p>The University of Utah Genetic Science Learning Center provides <a href="https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/" target="_blank">information about genetic disorders</a> that explains why some variants cause disorders but others do not.</p>
|
||
<p>The National Human Genome Research Institute provides information about <a href="https://www.genome.gov/dna-day/15-ways/human-genomic-variation" target="_blank">human genomic variation</a>.<span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" class="imgdesc" height="16" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" title="From the National Institutes of Health" width="25"/></span></p>
|
||
<p>Cold Spring Harbor National Laboratory’s DNA From the Beginning explains <a href="http://www.dnaftb.org/28/" target="_blank">the discovery of DNA repair mechanisms in cells</a> and introduces the researchers who worked to understand these mechanisms.</p>
|
||
<p>FORCE (Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered) explains the significance of <a href="https://www.facingourrisk.org/understanding-brca-and-hboc/information/hereditary-cancer/genetic-testing/basics/variants-of-uncertain-significance.php" target="_blank">variants of unknown significance in cancer</a>.</p></div></div>
|
||
</div></section>
|
||
|
||
</aside>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="bottom">
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="mp-exp mp-content"><h2>Topics in the Variants and Health chapter</h2>
|
||
<ul><li><a data-pid="20117" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation/">What is a gene variant and how do variants occur?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20119" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/mutationscausedisease/">How can gene variants affect health and development?</a></li><li>Do all gene variants affect health and development?</li><li><a data-pid="20123" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/possiblemutations/">What kinds of gene variants are possible?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20125" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/copynumbervariation/">Can a change in the number of genes affect health and development?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20127" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/chromosomalconditions/">Can changes in the number of chromosomes affect health and development?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20129" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/structuralchanges/">Can changes in the structure of chromosomes affect health and development?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20131" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/noncondingdnahealth/">Can changes in noncoding DNA affect health and development?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20133" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/mitochondrialconditions/">Can changes in mitochondrial DNA affect health and development?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20135" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/complexdisorders/">What are complex or multifactorial disorders?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20137" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/predisposition/">What does it mean to have a genetic predisposition to a disease?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20139" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/evolution/">How are gene variants involved in evolution?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20141" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/statistics/">What information can statistics provide about a genetic condition?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20143" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/naming/">How are genetic conditions and genes named?</a></li></ul>
|
||
<p><a data-pid="20081" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/">Other chapters in Help Me Understand Genetics</a></p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<!--
|
||
<div class="from-ghr">
|
||
<img src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/fromGHR.png" alt="From Genetics Home Reference" />
|
||
<p>Genetics Home Reference has merged with MedlinePlus. Genetics Home Reference content now can be found in the "Genetics" section of MedlinePlus. <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/about/general/genetics/newhome/">Learn more</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p>The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health.</p>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</article>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-how-to">
|
||
<button><span>Learn how to cite this page</span></button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<footer>
|
||
<div id="mplus-footer">
|
||
<div class="footer1">
|
||
|
||
<ul class="secondarynav">
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/about/">About MedlinePlus</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/whatsnew/">What's New</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/sitemap.html">Site Map</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/knowledgebase/category/?id=CAT-01231&category=medlineplus&from=https%3A//medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/neutralmutations/" target="_blank"><span>Customer Support</span></a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="follow-footer">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/rss.html" class="follow-item">Subscribe to RSS<img src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/feed.png" class="social-media-toolkit-icon" alt="RSS" title="RSS"></a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<span class="follow-label">Follow us</span>
|
||
<a href="https://twitter.com/medlineplus" class="follow-item" target="_blank">
|
||
<img src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/i_share_twitter.png" class="follow-icon" alt="X" title="X">
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a href="https://facebook.com/Mplus.gov/" class="follow-item" target="_blank">
|
||
<img src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/i_share_fb.png" class="follow-icon" alt="Facebook" title="Facebook">
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/mplusgov/" class="follow-item" target="_blank">
|
||
<img src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/Instagram_Glyph_Gradient_RGB.png" class="follow-icon" alt="Instagram" title="Instagram">
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/social-media-toolkit/" class="social-media-toolkit-item">Social Media Toolkit<img src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/i_social_media_toolkit.png" class="social-media-toolkit-icon" alt="Social Media Toolkit" title="Social Media Toolkit"></a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer2">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href=" https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" target='_blank'>NLM Web Policies</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/about/using/usingcontent/" >Copyright</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/accessibility.html">Accessibility</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/about/using/criteria/">Guidelines for Links</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/plugins.html">Viewers & Players</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" target="_blank">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/medlineplus-connect/">MedlinePlus Connect for EHRs</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/about/developers/">For Developers</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<div class="address">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov" target="_blank">National Library of Medicine</a>
|
||
<span>8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894</span>
|
||
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a>
|
||
<a href="https://www.nih.gov" target="_blank">National Institutes of Health</a>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="date">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span id="lastupdate">Last updated March 25, 2021</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="return-top"><a href="#top" title="Return to top"><img class="return-top-icon" alt="Return to top" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/return-top.png"></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</footer>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script src="https://medlineplus.gov/jslib/jquery-3.6.0.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
|
||
<script src="https://medlineplus.gov/jslib/mplus-frontend-controls-new.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
|
||
<script src="https://medlineplus.gov/jslib/mplus-share.js?id=1112022" type="text/javascript"></script>
|
||
<!--[if lte IE 9]><script src="//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/jslib/jquery.placeholder.js" type="text/javascript"></script><![endif]-->
|
||
<script src="https://medlineplus.gov/jslib/control.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
|
||
<script src="https://medlineplus.gov/uswds/js/uswds.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|