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<span>What are reduced penetrance and variable expressivity?</span>
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<h1>What are reduced penetrance and variable expressivity?</h1>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Reduced penetrance and variable expressivity are factors that influence the effects of particular genetic changes. These factors usually affect disorders that have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, although they are occasionally seen in disorders with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.</p>
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<h2>Reduced penetrance</h2>
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<p>Penetrance refers to the proportion of people with a particular genetic variant (or gene mutation) who exhibit signs and symptoms of a genetic disorder. If some people with the variant do not develop features of the disorder, the condition is said to have reduced (or incomplete) penetrance. Reduced penetrance often occurs with familial cancer syndromes. For example, many people with a variant in the<em> </em><a data-pid="17085" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/brca1/"><em>BRCA1</em></a> or<em> </em><a data-pid="17099" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/brca2/"><em>BRCA2</em></a> gene associated with an increased cancer risk will develop cancer during their lifetime, but some people will not. Doctors cannot predict which people with these variants will develop cancer or when the tumors will develop.</p>
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<p>Reduced penetrance probably results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, many of which are unknown. This phenomenon can make it challenging for genetics professionals to interpret a person’s family medical history and predict the risk of passing a genetic condition to future generations.</p>
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<h2>Variable expressivity</h2>
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<p>Although some genetic disorders exhibit little variation, most have signs and symptoms that differ among affected individuals. Variable expressivity refers to the range of signs and symptoms that can occur in different people with the same genetic condition. For example, the features of <a data-pid="14443" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/marfan-syndrome/">Marfan syndrome</a> vary widely— some people have only mild symptoms (such as being tall and thin with long, slender fingers), while others also experience life-threatening complications involving the heart and blood vessels. Although the features are highly variable, most people with this disorder have a variant in the same gene (<a data-pid="17123" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/fbn1/"><em>FBN1</em></a>).</p>
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<p>As with reduced penetrance, variable expressivity is probably caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, most of which have not been identified. If a genetic condition has highly variable signs and symptoms, it may be challenging to diagnose.</p></div>
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<section><div class="side-section"><div class="mp-content"><div class="section-header long-header"><h2>For more information about reduced penetrance and variable expressivity:</h2></div><div class="section-body">
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<p>Additional <a href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/fundamentals/genetics/inheritance-of-single-gene-disorders" target="_blank">information about penetrance and expressivity</a> is available from the Merck Manual Consumer Version.</p>
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<section><div class="mp-exp mp-content"><h2>Topics in the Inheriting Genetic Conditions chapter</h2><ul><li><a data-pid="20159" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/runsinfamily/">What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20161" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/familyhistory/">Why is it important to know my family health history?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20163" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/inheritancepatterns/">What are the different ways a genetic condition can be inherited?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20165" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/riskassessment/">If a genetic disorder runs in my family, what are the chances that my children will have the condition?</a></li><li>What are reduced penetrance and variable expressivity?</li><li><a data-pid="20169" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/anticipation/">What do geneticists mean by anticipation?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20171" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/updimprinting/">What are genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20173" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/chromosomalinheritance/">Are chromosomal disorders inherited?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20175" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/ethnicgroup/">Why are some genetic conditions more common in particular ethnic groups?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20177" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/heritability/">What is heritability?</a></li></ul><p><a data-pid="20081" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/">Other chapters in Help Me Understand Genetics</a></p></div>
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