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<h1>Can genes be turned on and off in cells?</h1>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Each cell expresses, or turns on, only a fraction of its genes at any given time. The rest of the genes are repressed, or turned off. The process of turning genes on and off is known as gene regulation. Gene regulation is an important part of normal development. Genes are turned on and off in different patterns during development to make a brain cell look and act different from a liver cell or a muscle cell, for example. Gene regulation also allows cells to react quickly to changes in their environments. Although we know that the regulation of genes is critical for life, this complex process is not yet fully understood.</p>
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<p>Gene regulation can occur at any point during gene expression, but most commonly occurs at the level of transcription (when the information in a gene’s DNA is passed to mRNA). Signals from the environment or from other cells activate proteins called transcription factors. These proteins bind to regulatory regions of a gene and increase or decrease the level of transcription. By controlling the level of transcription, this process can determine when and how much protein product is made by a gene.</p></div>
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<h2>For more information about gene regulation:</h2>
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<p>The National Human Genome Research Institute provides a <a href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Gene-Regulation" target="_blank">definition of gene regulation</a> in their Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms.<span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" class="imgdesc" height="16" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" title="From the National Institutes of Health" width="25"/></span></p>
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<p>The Genetic Science Learning Center at the University of Utah offers <a href="https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/expression/" target="_blank">an explanation of gene expression as it relates to disease risk</a>.</p>
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<a href="https://www.yourgenome.org/theme/what-is-gene-expression/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Additional information about gene expression</a> is available from yourgenome.org, a service of the Wellcome Trust.</p>
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<p>The Khan Academy has an <a href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation" target="_blank">educational unit on gene regulation</a>, including videos about gene regulation in bacteria and eukaryotes.</p>
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<section><div class="mp-exp mp-content"><h2>Topics in the How Genes Work chapter</h2><ul><li><a data-pid="20145" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/protein/">What are proteins and what do they do?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20147" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/makingprotein/">How do genes direct the production of proteins?</a></li><li>Can genes be turned on and off in cells?</li><li><a data-pid="20151" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/epigenome/">What is epigenetics?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20153" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/cellsdivide/">How do cells divide?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20155" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/genesanddivision/">How do genes control the growth and division of cells?</a></li><li><a data-pid="20157" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/genelocation/">How do geneticists indicate the location of a gene?</a></li></ul><p><a data-pid="20081" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/">Other chapters in Help Me Understand Genetics</a></p></div>
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