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<span>MDA5 deficiency</span>
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<span class="page-url print-only">URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/mda5-deficiency/</span>
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<h1>MDA5 deficiency</h1>
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<h2>Description</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>MDA5 deficiency is a disorder of the immune system (immunodeficiency) that leads to recurrent, severe infections of the lungs and airways (respiratory tract) beginning in infancy. These infections are most frequently caused by rhinovirus (the virus that causes the common cold). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the influenza (flu) virus may also cause recurrent infections in affected individuals. While infection by these viruses is common in all children, it usually causes mild symptoms and lasts only a short time before being cleared by a healthy immune system. In contrast, individuals with MDA5 deficiency frequently require hospitalization due to the severity of the symptoms caused by the infection. Repeated infections can contribute to chronic lung disease.</p><p>Infections usually become less frequent with age in people with MDA5 deficiency, as the body's immune system matures and develops other mechanisms for fighting viruses.</p></div>
</section>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="frequency">
<h2>Frequency</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>MDA5 deficiency is likely a rare disorder. Its prevalence is unknown.</p></div>
</section>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="causes">
<h2>Causes</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>MDA5 deficiency is caused by mutations in the <i><a data-pid="19913" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/ifih1/">IFIH1</a></i> gene, which provides instructions for making the MDA5 protein. These mutations lead to production of an altered MDA5 protein that cannot function, resulting in a shortage (deficiency) of MDA5 activity.</p><p>The MDA5 protein plays an important role in innate immunity, the body's early, nonspecific response to foreign invaders (pathogens) such as viruses and bacteria. In particular, the protein recognizes a molecule called double-stranded RNA (a chemical cousin of DNA), which certain viruses, including rhinovirus, RSV, and the flu virus, have as their genetic material or produce when they infect cells and copy (replicate) themselves. (Another subset of viruses has DNA as their genetic material.) When the MDA5 protein recognizes pieces of viral RNA inside the cell, it helps turn on the production of immune system proteins called interferons. Interferons stimulate the immune system to fight infections.</p><p>Deficiency of MDA5 protein activity reduces interferon production in response to RNA-containing viruses. A lack of the important early immune response stimulated by interferons leads to severe viral infections in infants with MDA5 deficiency.</p></div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="related-genes mp-exp exp-full">
<h3>Learn more about the gene associated with MDA5 deficiency</h3>
<ul class="relatedmp">
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/ifih1/">IFIH1</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
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<h2>Inheritance</h2>
<section><div class="mp- mp-content"><p>The inheritance pattern of MDA5 deficiency is unclear. In some cases, the condition seems to follow an <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Both parents carry one copy of a mutated gene. In the next generation, one child is affected with the condition, two children are carriers, and one is unaffected and not a carrier." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX0000A4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000A4" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Autosomal recessive inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000A4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000A4_1" title="Show image">autosomal recessive pattern<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. In other cases, it appears that the condition is inherited in an <a class="image-modal" data-alt="A parent with an autosomal dominant condition passes the altered gene to two affected children. Two other children do not receive the altered gene, and are unaffected." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX00009C_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00009C" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Autosomal dominant inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00009C_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00009C_2" title="Show image">autosomal dominant pattern<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="synonyms">
<h2>Other Names for This Condition</h2>
<section>
<ul class="bulletlist">
<li>IFIH1 deficiency</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="resources">
<h2>Additional Information & Resources</h2>
<section>
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<h2>Patient Support and Advocacy Resources</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.org/" target="TheNewWin">National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)</a></li>
</ul>
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</section>
<section>
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<h2>Scientific Articles on PubMed</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%28%28MDA5+deficiency%5BTIAB%5D%29+OR+%28IFIH1+deficiency%29%29+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+human%5Bmh%5D+AND+%22last+3600+days%22%5Bdp%5D" target="TheNewWin">PubMed</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
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</section>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="references">
<h2>References</h2>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<ul>
<li>Asgari S, Schlapbach LJ, Anchisi S, Hammer C, Bartha I, Junier T, Mottet-Osman
G, Posfay-Barbe KM, Longchamp D, Stocker M, Cordey S, Kaiser L, Riedel T, Kenna
T, Long D, Schibler A, Telenti A, Tapparel C, McLaren PJ, Garcin D, Fellay J.
Severe viral respiratory infections in children with IFIH1
loss-of-function mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Aug
1;114(31):8342-8347. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1704259114. Epub 2017 Jul 17. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28716935" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5547624/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Berke IC, Yu X, Modis Y, Egelman EH. MDA5 assembles into a polar helical
filament on dsRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Nov 6;109(45):18437-41. doi:
10.1073/pnas.1212186109. Epub 2012 Oct 22. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23090998" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3494895/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Lamborn IT, Jing H, Zhang Y, Drutman SB, Abbott JK, Munir S, Bade S, Murdock
HM, Santos CP, Brock LG, Masutani E, Fordjour EY, McElwee JJ, Hughes JD, Nichols
DP, Belkadi A, Oler AJ, Happel CS, Matthews HF, Abel L, Collins PL, Subbarao K,
Gelfand EW, Ciancanelli MJ, Casanova JL, Su HC. Recurrent rhinovirus infections
in a child with inherited MDA5 deficiency. J Exp Med. 2017 Jul
3;214(7):1949-1972. doi: 10.1084/jem.20161759. Epub 2017 Jun 12. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28606988" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5502429/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Loo YM, Gale M Jr. Immune signaling by RIG-I-like receptors. Immunity. 2011
May 27;34(5):680-92. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.003. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21616437" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177755/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Zaki M, Thoenes M, Kawalia A, Nurnberg P, Kaiser R, Heller R, Bolz HJ.
Recurrent and Prolonged Infections in a Child with a Homozygous IFIH1
Nonsense Mutation. Front Genet. 2017 Sep 22;8:130. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00130.
eCollection 2017. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29018476" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5614965/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
</ul>
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