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<span>Keratoconus</span>
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<span class="page-url print-only">URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/keratoconus/</span>
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<article>
<div class="page-info">
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<a name="start" id="start"></a>
<h1>Keratoconus</h1>
</div>
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<noscript><span class="js-disabled-message">To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript.</span></noscript>
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<div class="main">
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="description">
<h2>Description</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Keratoconus is an eye condition that affects the shape of the cornea, which is the clear outer covering of the eye. In this condition, the cornea thins and bulges outward, eventually resembling a cone shape. These corneal abnormalities, which worsen over time, can lead to <a data-pid="16905" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/nearsightedness/">nearsightedness</a> (<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Diagram of light entering an eye with myopia." data-caption="" data-credit="National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health" data-filepath="images/PX00000O_PRESENTATION.png" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00000O" data-sourceurl="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nationaleyeinstitute/" data-title="Myopia (nearsightedness)" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00000O_PRESENTATION.png" id="PX00000O_2" title="Show image">myopia<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>), blurred vision that cannot be improved with corrective lenses (irregular astigmatism), and vision loss.</p><p>Other corneal changes typical of keratoconus that can be seen during an eye exam include iron deposits in the cornea that form a yellow-to-brownish ring, called the Fleischer ring, surrounding the colored part of the eye (iris). Affected individuals may also develop Vogt's striae, which are thin, vertical, white lines in the tissue at the back of the cornea.</p><p>Keratoconus may affect only one eye at first, but eventually the corneas of both eyes become misshapen, although they might not be affected with the same severity. As keratoconus worsens, people with this condition can develop corneal scarring, often caused by exposure of the abnormally thin cornea to prolonged contact lens use or excessive eye rubbing.</p><p>The eye changes characteristic of keratoconus typically begin in adolescence and slowly worsen until mid-adulthood at which point the shape of the cornea remains stable.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="frequency">
<h2>Frequency</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Keratoconus is estimated to affect 1 in 500 to 2,000 individuals worldwide.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="causes">
<h2>Causes</h2>
<section><div class="mp-content"><p>The cause of keratoconus is unknown. Researchers have studied many different factors, both genetic and environmental, that are thought to influence the risk of developing keratoconus.</p><p>The environmental factors that may contribute to keratoconus include excessive eye rubbing and the tendency to develop allergic disorders (atopy).</p><p>Excessive and vigorous eye rubbing can cause trauma to the cornea and may lead to its thinning. However, it is unclear whether eye rubbing leads to keratoconus or if eye rubbing is a response to eye discomfort in the early stages of the condition. If eye rubbing is not involved in the development of keratoconus, it likely contributes to worsening of the condition.</p><p>Approximately one-third of individuals with keratoconus have an allergic disorder, although it is unclear how allergic disorders are related to the development of keratoconus. Allergies might trigger eye rubbing, which can aggravate eye problems.</p><p>Changes in multiple genes have been associated with developing keratoconus. Many of these variants have been found only in small populations or single families. In most individuals with keratoconus, a combination of genetic and environmental factors is needed for the condition to develop. However, some affected individuals seem to have a largely environmental cause for the condition while others seem to have a largely genetic cause. Individuals with a relative who has keratoconus have an increased risk of developing the condition compared to people without a family history.</p><p>More than a dozen genes have been associated with keratoconus. These genes have varied functions. The most frequently associated genes play roles in eye development, the formation and structure of the cornea, the intricate lattice of proteins and other molecules that forms in the space between cells (extracellular matrix), an immune system response called inflammation, and the regulation of cell growth. It is thought that a disruption in one of these processes, in combination with an environmental trigger, may lead to the development of keratoconus.</p><p>Keratoconus can be a feature of genetic syndromes, such as <a data-pid="15463" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/leber-congenital-amaurosis/">Leber congenital amaurosis</a> and <a data-pid="16013" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/arterial-tortuosity-syndrome/">arterial tortuosity syndrome</a>. When it is part of a syndrome, keratoconus is caused by the same genetic mutation that causes the syndrome. Mutations in the genes that cause syndromes with keratoconus have not been found to cause keratoconus without other features.</p></div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="related-genes mp-exp exp-full">
<h3>Learn more about the genes associated with Keratoconus</h3>
<ul class="relatedmp">
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/col4a3/">COL4A3</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/col4a4/">COL4A4</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/col5a1/">COL5A1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/il1a/">IL1A</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/rab3gap1/">RAB3GAP1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/tgfbi/">TGFBI</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/wnt10a/">WNT10A</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Additional Information from NCBI Gene:</strong></p>
<ul class="relatedmp">
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/831" target="TheNewWin">CAST</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23348" target="TheNewWin">DOCK9</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64778" target="TheNewWin">FNDC3B</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2308" target="TheNewWin">FOXO1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3082" target="TheNewWin">HGF</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3557" target="TheNewWin">IL1RN</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4015" target="TheNewWin">LOX</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/406960" target="TheNewWin">MIR184</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/83959" target="TheNewWin">SLC4A11</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/30813" target="TheNewWin">VSX1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6935" target="TheNewWin">ZEB1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84627" target="TheNewWin">ZNF469</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="inheritance">
<h2>Inheritance</h2>
<section><div class="mp- mp-content"><p>In most cases, keratoconus is not inherited and occurs in individuals with no family history of the disorder.</p><p>The condition can also occur in families. In some cases, keratoconus is inherited in an <a class="image-modal" data-alt="A parent with an autosomal dominant condition passes the altered gene to two affected children. Two other children do not receive the altered gene, and are unaffected." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX00009C_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00009C" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Autosomal dominant inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00009C_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00009C_1" title="Show image">autosomal dominant pattern<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. An affected person often has one parent with the condition, although some people who have a gene variant never develop the condition, a situation known as reduced penetrance.</p><p>Keratoconus can also be inherited in an <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Both parents carry one copy of a mutated gene. In the next generation, one child is affected with the condition, two children are carriers, and one is unaffected and not a carrier." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX0000A4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000A4" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Autosomal recessive inheritance" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000A4_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000A4_2" title="Show image">autosomal recessive pattern<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, which means variants occur in both copies of the gene in each cell. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the altered gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.</p></div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="synonyms">
<h2>Other Names for This Condition</h2>
<section>
<ul class="bulletlist">
<li>Bulging cornea</li> <li>Conical cornea</li> <li>KC</li>
</ul>
</section>
</div>
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="resources">
<h2>Additional Information & Resources</h2>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Genetic Testing Information</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C1835677/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Keratoconus 1</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6824/index" target="TheNewWin">Keratoconus</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Patient Support and Advocacy Resources</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.org/" target="TheNewWin">National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Clinical Trials</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=%22Keratoconus%22" target="TheNewWin">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/148300" target="TheNewWin">KERATOCONUS 1; KTCN1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/608932" target="TheNewWin">KERATOCONUS 2; KTCN2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/608586" target="TheNewWin">KERATOCONUS 3; KTCN3</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/609271" target="TheNewWin">KERATOCONUS 4; KTCN4</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/614622" target="TheNewWin">KERATOCONUS 5; KTCN5</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/614623" target="TheNewWin">KERATOCONUS 6; KTCN6</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/614628" target="TheNewWin">KERATOCONUS 8; KTCN8</a></li>
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/614629" target="TheNewWin">KERATOCONUS 7; KTCN7</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<h2>Scientific Articles on PubMed</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%28Keratoconus%5BMAJR%5D%29+AND+%28keratoconus%5BTI%5D%29+AND+review%5Bpt%5D+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+human%5Bmh%5D+AND+%22last+1440+days%22%5Bdp%5D" target="TheNewWin">PubMed</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
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<h2>References</h2>
<section>
<div class="mp-content">
<ul>
<li>Abu-Amero KK, Al-Muammar AM, Kondkar AA. Genetics of keratoconus: where do we
stand? J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:641708. doi: 10.1155/2014/641708. Epub 2014 Aug
28. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25254113" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164130/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Bykhovskaya Y, Margines B, Rabinowitz YS. Genetics in Keratoconus: where are
we? Eye Vis (Lond). 2016 Jun 27;3:16. doi: 10.1186/s40662-016-0047-5. eCollection
2016. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27350955" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4922054/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Gordon-Shaag A, Millodot M, Shneor E, Liu Y. The genetic and environmental
factors for keratoconus. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:795738. doi:
10.1155/2015/795738. Epub 2015 May 17. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26075261" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4449900/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
<li>Rabinowitz YS. Keratoconus. Surv Ophthalmol. 1998 Jan-Feb;42(4):297-319. doi:
10.1016/s0039-6257(97)00119-7. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9493273" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
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