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<span>Cholangiocarcinoma</span>
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<h1>Cholangiocarcinoma</h1>
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<h2>Description</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Cholangiocarcinoma is a group of cancers that begin in the bile ducts. Bile ducts are branched tubes that connect the <a class="image-modal" data-alt="The liver is in the upper abdomen near the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas." data-caption="The liver is in the upper abdomen near the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas. The liver has four lobes. Two lobes are on the front and two small lobes (not shown) are on the back of the liver." data-credit="© 2009 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0001V1_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001V1" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=9077" data-title="Liver" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001V1_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001V1_1" title="Show image">liver<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> and <a class="image-modal" data-alt="The gallbladder is located in the abdomen just below the liver." data-caption="Anatomy of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is just below the liver. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and flows through the cystic duct and the common bile duct into the small intestine when food is being digested." data-credit="© 2010 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0001U6_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001U6" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=9078" data-title="Gallbladder" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001U6_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001U6_2" title="Show image">gallbladder<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> to the <a class="image-modal" data-alt="The small intestine connects the stomach and the colon. It includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum." data-caption="The small intestine connects the stomach and the colon. It includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum." data-credit="© 2013 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX00022E_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00022E" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=9441" data-title="Small intestine" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00022E_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00022E_3" title="Show image">small intestine<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>. They carry bile, which is a fluid that helps the body digest fats that are in food. Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder before being released in the small intestine after a person eats.</p><p>Cholangiocarcinoma is classified by its location in relation to the liver. <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Intrahepatic bile ducts are a network of small tubes that carry bile inside the liver." data-caption="Anatomy of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Intrahepatic bile ducts are a network of small tubes that carry bile inside the liver. The smallest ducts, called ductules, come together to form the right hepatic bile duct and the left hepatic bile duct, which drain bile from the liver. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and is released when food is being digested." data-credit="© 2015 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0001UT_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001UT" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=10440" data-title="Bile ducts in the liver" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001UT_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001UT_4" title="Show image">Intrahepatic<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> cholangiocarcinoma begins in the small bile ducts within the liver. This is the least common form of the disease, accounting for less than 10 percent of all cases. Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (also known as a Klatskin tumor) begins in an area called the hilum, where the right and left major bile ducts join and leave the liver. It is the most common form of the disease, accounting for more than half of all cases. The remaining cases are classified as distal cholangiocarcinomas, which begin in bile ducts outside the liver. The perihilar and distal forms of the disease, which both occur outside the liver, are sometimes grouped together and called <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Drawing shows the liver, right and left hepatic ducts, gallbladder, cystic duct, common hepatic duct (hilum region), common bile duct (distal region), extrahepatic bile duct, pancreas, and small intestine. An inset shows the liver, bile ducts, and gallbladder." data-caption="The extrahepatic bile duct is part of a network of small ducts in the liver that collects bile. Bile flows into the right and left hepatic ducts which join together to form the common hepatic duct. The extrahepatic bile duct is the part of the common hepatic duct that is outside the liver. Bile flows through the extrahepatic bile duct and into the cystic duct to the gallbladder where it is stored. When food is being digested, bile flows back through the cystic duct and into the common bile duct where it is released into the small intestine." data-credit="© 2010 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX0001TL_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001TL" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=9089" data-title="Extrahepatic bile duct" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001TL_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001TL_5" title="Show image">extrahepatic<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> cholangiocarcinoma.</p><p>The three types of cholangiocarcinoma do not usually cause any symptoms in their early stages, and this cancer is usually not diagnosed until it has already spread beyond the bile ducts to other tissues. Symptoms often result when bile ducts become blocked by the tumor. The most common symptom is jaundice, in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. Other symptoms can include extreme tiredness (fatigue), itching, dark-colored urine, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss, abdominal pain, and light-colored and greasy stools. These symptoms are described as "nonspecific" because they can be features of many different diseases.</p><p>Most people who develop cholangiocarcinoma are older than 65. Because this cancer is often not discovered until it has already spread, it can be challenging to treat effectively. Affected individuals can survive for several months to several years after diagnosis, depending on the location of the cancer and how advanced it is.</p></div>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="frequency">
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<h2>Frequency</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Cholangiocarcinoma affects 8,000 people each year in the United States. This type of cancer occurs much more frequently in Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, where it is related to infection with a parasite that is common there. For unknown reasons, cholangiocarcinoma occurs slightly more often in men than in women.</p></div>
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<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="causes">
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<h2>Causes</h2>
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<section><div class="mp-content"><p>Cancers occur when a buildup of mutations in critical genes—those that control <a class="image-modal" data-alt="Diagram showing the phases of mitotic cell division: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis" data-caption="" data-credit="Designua/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX0001AG_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0001AG" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Mitotic cell division" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001AG_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0001AG_1" title="Show image">cell division<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>, for example—allow cells to <a class="image-modal" data-alt="A tumor in the liver; inset shows the progression from a normal cell to one in which genetic changes accumulate, leading to rapid and disorganized cell division." data-caption="" data-credit="U.S. National Library of Medicine" data-filepath="images/PX000090_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX000090" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Genetic mutation and cancer development" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX000090_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX000090_2" title="Show image">grow and divide uncontrollably<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> to form a tumor. In most cases of cholangiocarcinoma, these genetic changes are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in the bile duct cells that give rise to the tumor. The genetic changes, which are called somatic mutations, are not inherited. Somatic mutations in many different genes have been found in cholangiocarcinoma. Some of these genes act as tumor suppressors, which means they help keep the growth and division of cells tightly regulated. Mutations in or deletions of tumor suppressor genes can allow cells to grow and divide without control or order, which is a hallmark of cancer. Other genes associated with cholangiocarcinoma are <a class="image-modal" data-alt="This graphic illustrates the stages of how a normal cell is converted to a cancer cell, when an oncogene becomes activated." data-caption="This graphic illustrates the stages of how a normal cell is converted to a cancer cell, when an oncogene becomes activated." data-credit="National Cancer Institute" data-filepath="images/PX00002W_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00002W" data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=2351" data-title="Oncogene activation and cancer" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00002W_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00002W_3" title="Show image">oncogenes<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>; when they are turned on (activated) abnormally, these genes have the potential to cause normal cells to become cancerous. Identifying somatic mutations in cholangiocarcinoma may provide clues to how quickly the cancer will grow and spread, and which treatments might be most effective.</p><p>Researchers have also investigated inherited variations in several genes as possible risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. These genetic changes, which are classified as germline mutations, are present in essentially all of the body's cells. However, no specific inherited changes have been found to be major risk factors for this disease.</p><p>Several non-genetic risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma have been identified. These include a bile duct disease called <a data-pid="15893" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis/">primary sclerosing cholangitis</a>, bile duct stones or cysts, and exposure to certain chemical toxins used in manufacturing. In Southeast Asia, infection with parasitic worms that live in the human bile ducts greatly increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. Other risk factors that have been studied include long-term infection with viral hepatitis B or C, scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), and chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and diabetes. Researchers suspect that certain lifestyle factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and obesity, may also contribute to the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma.</p><p>Studies suggest that a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors influence whether a person will develop cholangiocarcinoma. However, most people who develop the disease do not have any of the identified risk factors.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
|
||
<div class="related-genes mp-exp exp-full">
|
||
|
||
<h3>Learn more about the genes associated with Cholangiocarcinoma</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="relatedmp">
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/arid1a/">ARID1A</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/bap1/">BAP1</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/braf/">BRAF</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/brca1/">BRCA1</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/brca2/">BRCA2</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/egfr/">EGFR</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/fgfr2/">FGFR2</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/gnas/">GNAS</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/idh1/">IDH1</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/idh2/">IDH2</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/kras/">KRAS</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/lama2/">LAMA2</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/nf1/">NF1</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/nras/">NRAS</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/pik3ca/">PIK3CA</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/pten/">PTEN</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/rb1/">RB1</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/smad4/">SMAD4</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/tert/">TERT</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/tp53/">TP53</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/tsc1/">TSC1</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p><strong>Additional Information from NCBI Gene:</strong></p>
|
||
<ul class="relatedmp">
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/369" target="TheNewWin">ARAF</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1021" target="TheNewWin">CDK6</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2065" target="TheNewWin">ERBB3</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/58508" target="TheNewWin">KMT2C</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4233" target="TheNewWin">MET</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10403" target="TheNewWin">NDC80</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55193" target="TheNewWin">PBRM1</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56136" target="TheNewWin">PCDHA13</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5178" target="TheNewWin">PEG3</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5774" target="TheNewWin">PTPN3</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55698" target="TheNewWin">RADIL</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54894" target="TheNewWin">RNF43</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6092" target="TheNewWin">ROBO2</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="inheritance">
|
||
<h2>Inheritance</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="mp- mp-content"><p>Cholangiocarcinoma is not inherited. Studies suggest that blood relatives of a person with cholangiocarcinoma may have an increased risk of developing this cancer compared with the general population. However, most people with cholangiocarcinoma do not have a family history of the disease.</p></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="synonyms">
|
||
<h2>Other Names for This Condition</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<ul class="bulletlist">
|
||
<li>CC</li> <li>Cholangiocarcinoma of biliary tract</li> <li>Cholangiocellular carcinoma</li> <li>Distal cholangiocarcinoma</li> <li>Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma</li> <li>Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma</li> <li>Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="resources">
|
||
<h2>Additional Information & Resources</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Genetic Testing Information</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C3810156/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Cholangiocarcinoma, susceptibility to</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6042/index" target="TheNewWin">Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Patient Support and Advocacy Resources</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://rarediseases.org/" target="TheNewWin">National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Clinical Trials</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=%22Cholangiocarcinoma%22" target="TheNewWin">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/615619" target="TheNewWin">CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<h2>Scientific Articles on PubMed</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%28Cholangiocarcinoma%5BMAJR%5D%29+AND+%28%28gene%5BTI%5D%29+OR+%28mutation*%5BTI%5D%29+OR+%28somatic%5BTI%5D%29+OR+%28genes%5BTI%5D%29+OR+%28genetic%5BTI%5D%29%29+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+human%5Bmh%5D+AND+%22last+1800+days%22%5Bdp%5D" target="TheNewWin">PubMed</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="references">
|
||
<h2>References</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div class="mp-content">
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
|
||
<li>Banales JM, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Marzioni M, Andersen JB, Invernizzi P,
|
||
Lind GE, Folseraas T, Forbes SJ, Fouassier L, Geier A, Calvisi DF, Mertens JC,
|
||
Trauner M, Benedetti A, Maroni L, Vaquero J, Macias RI, Raggi C, Perugorria MJ,
|
||
Gaudio E, Boberg KM, Marin JJ, Alvaro D. Expert consensus document:
|
||
Cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and future perspectives consensus statement
|
||
from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA). Nat Rev
|
||
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 May;13(5):261-80. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.51. Epub
|
||
2016 Apr 20. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27095655" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Bergquist A, von Seth E. Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma. Best Pract Res
|
||
Clin Gastroenterol. 2015 Apr;29(2):221-32. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.02.003. Epub
|
||
2015 Feb 16. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25966423" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Kongpetch S, Jusakul A, Ong CK, Lim WK, Rozen SG, Tan P, Teh BT. Pathogenesis
|
||
of cholangiocarcinoma: From genetics to signalling pathways. Best Pract Res Clin
|
||
Gastroenterol. 2015 Apr;29(2):233-44. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.02.002. Epub 2015
|
||
Feb 17. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25966424" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Maroni L, Pierantonelli I, Banales JM, Benedetti A, Marzioni M. The
|
||
significance of genetics for cholangiocarcinoma development. Ann Transl Med. 2013
|
||
Oct;1(3):28. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.10.04. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332972" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200671/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Plentz RR, Malek NP. Clinical presentation, risk factors and staging systems
|
||
of cholangiocarcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2015 Apr;29(2):245-52.
|
||
doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.02.001. Epub 2015 Feb 14. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25966425" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Razumilava N, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet. 2014 Jun
|
||
21;383(9935):2168-79. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61903-0. Epub 2014 Feb 26. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24581682" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4069226/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>Valle JW, Lamarca A, Goyal L, Barriuso J, Zhu AX. New Horizons for Precision
|
||
Medicine in Biliary Tract Cancers. Cancer Discov. 2017 Sep;7(9):943-962. doi:
|
||
10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-0245. Epub 2017 Aug 17. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28818953" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5586506/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="side">
|
||
<aside>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="side-section">
|
||
<div class="mp-img">
|
||
|
||
<a class="image-modal" id="14225_featured" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001UX_PRESENTATION.jpeg"
|
||
data-filepath="images/PX0001UX_PRESENTATION.jpeg"
|
||
data-title="Klatskin tumor"
|
||
data-caption="A tumor that forms in the common hepatic duct, the area where the right and left hepatic duct meet."
|
||
data-credit="© 2013 Terese Winslow LLC for the National Cancer Institute"
|
||
data-alt="A tumor that forms in the common hepatic duct, the area where the right and left hepatic duct meet."
|
||
data-sourceurl="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=9469">
|
||
<img class="scale-with-grid" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0001UX_PRESENTATION.jpeg" alt="" title="Klatskin tumor">
|
||
|
||
<span class="view-img-full-size" title="Show image">Enlarge image</span>
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div></section>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="side-section">
|
||
</div></section>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="side-section">
|
||
<div class="section-header">
|
||
<h2>Related Health Topics</h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="section-body">
|
||
<ul class="relatedmp">
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/bileductcancer.html">Bile Duct Cancer</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/geneticdisorders.html">Genetic Disorders</a></li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div></section>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="side-section">
|
||
<div class="section-header red">
|
||
<h2>MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA</h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="section-body" id="more_encyclopedia">
|
||
<ul class="relatedmp" style="list-style: none; padding: 0;">
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000291.htm">Cholangiocarcinoma</a></li>
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002048.htm">Genetics</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div></section>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="side-section">
|
||
<div class="section-header">
|
||
<h2>Understanding Genetics</h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="section-body">
|
||
<ul class="relatedmp">
|
||
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/consult/prognosis/">What is the prognosis of a genetic condition?</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/mutationscausedisease/">How can gene variants affect health and development?</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/runsinfamily/">What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family?</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/inheritancepatterns/">What are the different ways a genetic condition can be inherited?</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/consult/treatment/">How are genetic conditions treated or managed?</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div></section>
|
||
|
||
<section><div class="side-section">
|
||
<div class="section-header hide-offscreen">
|
||
<h2>Disclaimers</h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="section-body no-header">
|
||
MedlinePlus links to health information from the National Institutes of Health and other federal government agencies. MedlinePlus also links to health information from non-government Web sites. See our <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/disclaimers.html">disclaimer</a> about external links and our <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/criteria.html">quality guidelines</a>.
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||
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||
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||
|
||
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||
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||
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||
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||
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