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</div><div><span>Hiatal hernia</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Hiatal hernia</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Hiatal hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach extends through an opening of the diaphragm into the chest. The diaphragm is the sheet of muscle that divides the chest from the abdomen.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>The exact cause of hiatal hernia is not known. The condition may be due to weakness of the supporting tissue. Your risk for the problem goes up with age, <a test="test" href="./003101.htm">obesity</a>, and smoking. Hiatal hernias are very common. The problem occurs often in people over 50 years of age.</p><p>This condition may be linked to <a test="test" href="./000265.htm">reflux</a> (backflow) of gastric acid from the stomach into the esophagus.</p><p>Children with this condition are most often born with it (congenital). In infants, it often occurs with <a test="test" href="./007401.htm">gastroesophageal reflux</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms may include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003079.htm">Chest pain</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003114.htm">Heartburn</a>, worse when bending over or lying down</li><li>Swallowing difficulty </li></ul><p>A hiatal hernia by itself rarely causes symptoms. Pain and discomfort are due to the upward flow of stomach acid, air, or bile. </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Tests that may be used include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003816.htm">Barium swallow x-ray</a></li><li>Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (<a test="test" href="./003888.htm">EGD</a>) </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>The goals of treatment are to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. Treatments may include:</p><ul><li>Medicines to control stomach acid</li><li><a test="test" href="./002925.htm">Surgery to repair the hiatal hernia</a> and prevent reflux </li></ul><p>Other measures to reduce symptoms include:</p><ul><li>Avoiding large or heavy meals</li><li>Not lying down or bending over right after a meal</li><li>Reducing weight and not smoking</li><li>Raising the head of the bed 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 centimeters) </li></ul><p>If medicines and lifestyle measures do not help control symptoms, you may need surgery. </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Treatment can relieve most symptoms of hiatal hernia.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Complications may include:</p><ul><li>Pulmonary (lung) <a test="test" href="./002216.htm">aspiration</a></li><li>Slow bleeding and <a test="test" href="./000584.htm">iron deficiency anemia</a> (due to a large hernia)</li><li>Strangulation (closing off) of the hernia (very uncommon)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your health care provider if:</p><ul><li>You have symptoms of a hiatal hernia.</li><li>You have a hiatal hernia and your symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment.</li><li>You develop new symptoms. </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Controlling risk factors such as obesity may help prevent hiatal hernia.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Hernia - hiatal</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Patient Instructions</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-carepnt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div name="Patient Instructions" class="section-body" id="section-carepnt"><ul class="side-nav"><li><a href="../patientinstructions/000160.htm">Anti-reflux surgery - discharge </a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1702t.jpg" alt="Hiatal hernia - X-ray" title="Hiatal hernia - X-ray" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1702.htm">Hiatal hernia - x-ray</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/17070t.jpg" alt="Hiatal hernia" title="Hiatal hernia" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/17070.htm">Hiatal hernia</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/7125t.jpg" alt="Hiatal hernia repair - series" title="Hiatal hernia repair - series" class="side-img"/><a href="../presentations/100028_1.htm">Hiatal hernia repair - series</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Battafarano RJ. Esophagus: Management of paraesophageal hernia repair. In: Cameron J, ed. <em>Current Surgical Therapy</em>. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:3-80.</p><p>Falk GW, Katzka DA. Diseases of the esophagus. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 129.</p><p>Lord KA, Lippincott J. Hiatal hernia. In: Ferri FF, ed. <em>Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2023</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:749.e2-749.e5.</p><p>Yates RB, Oelschlager BK. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and hiatal hernia. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. <em>Sabiston Textbook of Surgery</em>. 21st ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 43.</p></div></div></section>
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