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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Nearsightedness</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Nearsightedness is when light entering the eye is focused incorrectly. This makes distant objects appear blurred. Nearsightedness is a type of refractive error of the eye.</p><p>If you are nearsighted, you have trouble seeing things that are far away.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>People are able to see because the front part of the eye bends (refracts) light and focuses it on the retina. This is the inside of the back surface of the eye.</p><p>Nearsightedness occurs when there is a mismatch between the focusing power of the eye and the length of the eye. Light rays are focused in front of the retina, rather than directly on it. As a result, what you see is blurry. Most of the eye's focusing power comes from the cornea.</p><div class="videobox"><div class="group"><img class="rollover_globals" alt="Seeing" title="Seeing" src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/24503t.gif"/>Watch this video about:<a class="blk" href="../anatomyvideos/000109.htm">Seeing</a></div></div><p>Nearsightedness affects males and females equally. People who have a family history of nearsightedness are more likely to develop it. Most eyes with nearsightedness are healthy. However, a small number of people with severe nearsightedness develop a form of retinal degeneration.</p><p>The predominant wavelength of light in your environment may affect the development of myopia. Recent research suggests that more time outdoors during childhood may lead to less myopia.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>A nearsighted person sees close-up objects clearly, but objects in the distance are blurred. Squinting will tend to make far away objects seem clearer.</p><p>Nearsightedness is often first noticed in school-aged children or teenagers. Children often cannot read the blackboard, but they can easily read a book.</p><p>Nearsightedness gets worse during the growth years. People who are nearsighted may need to change glasses or contact lenses often. Nearsightedness most often stops progressing as a person stops growing in his or her early twenties.</p><p>Other symptoms may include:</p><ul><li>Eyestrain</li><li><a test="test" href="./003024.htm">Headaches</a> (uncommon) </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>A nearsighted person can easily read the Jaeger eye chart (the chart for near reading), but has trouble reading the Snellen eye chart (the chart for distance reading).</p><p>A general eye exam, or <a test="test" href="./003434.htm">standard ophthalmic exam</a> may include:</p><ul><li>Eye pressure measurement (<a test="test" href="./003447.htm">tonometry</a>)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003844.htm">Refraction test</a>, to determine the correct prescription for glasses</li><li>Retinal examination</li><li><a test="test" href="./003880.htm">Slit-lamp exam</a> of the structures at the front of the eyes</li><li><a test="test" href="./003387.htm">Test of color vision</a>, to look for possible color blindness</li><li>Tests of the muscles that move the eyes</li><li>Visual acuity, both at a distance (Snellen), and close up (Jaeger) </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Wearing eyeglasses or contact lenses can help shift the focus of the light image directly onto the retina. This will produce a clearer image.</p><p>The most common surgery to correct myopia is <a test="test" href="./007018.htm">LASIK</a>. An excimer laser is used to reshape (flatten) the cornea, shifting the focus. A newer type of laser refractive surgery called SMILE (Small Incision Lenticule Extraction) is also approved for use in the United States.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Early diagnosis of nearsightedness is important. A child can suffer socially and educationally by not being able to see well at a distance.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Complications may include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./001032.htm">Corneal ulcers and infections</a> may occur in people who use contact lenses.</li><li>Rarely, complications of laser vision correction may occur. These can be serious.</li><li>People with myopia, in rare cases, develop <a test="test" href="./001027.htm">retinal detachments</a> or retinal degeneration.</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your health care provider if your child shows these signs, which may indicate a vision problem:</p><ul><li>Having difficulty reading the blackboard in school or signs on a wall</li><li>Holding books very close when reading</li><li>Sitting close to the television </li></ul><p>Contact your eye doctor if you or your child is nearsighted and experiences signs of a possible retinal tear or detachment, including:</p><ul><li>Flashing lights</li><li>Floating spots</li><li>Sudden loss of any part of the field of vision </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>It has been generally believed that there is no way to prevent nearsightedness. Reading and watching television do not cause nearsightedness.</p><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, when most school-aged children were learning from home, there was an increase in the development of nearsightedness over what had been seen before. In the past, dilating eye drops were proposed as a treatment to slow the development of nearsightedness in children, but those early studies were inconclusive. However, there is recent information that certain dilating eyedrops used in certain children at just the right time, may decrease the total amount of nearsightedness that they will develop.</p><p>The use of glasses or contact lenses does not affect the normal progression of myopia -- they simply focus the light so the nearsighted person can see distant objects clearly. However, it is important to not prescribe glasses or contact lenses that are too strong. Hard contact lenses will sometimes hide the progression of nearsightedness, but vision will still get worse "under" the contact lens.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Myopia; Shortsightedness; Refractive error - nearsightedness</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Le NT, Mamalis C, Weikert MP, Al-Mohtaseb Z. Excimer laser surface ablation: photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), and Epi-LASIK. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. <em>Ophthalmology</em>. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 3.3.</p><p>Nischal KK. Ophthalmology. In: Zitelli BJ, McIntire SC, Nowalk AJ, Garrison J, eds. <em>Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 20.</p><p>Olitsky SE, Marsh JD. Abnormalities of refraction and accommodation. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al, eds. <em>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics</em>. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 660.</p><p>Stevens DV, Young JA. Correction of refractive errors. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. <em>Ophthalmology</em>. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 2.4.</p><p>Wang J, Li Y, Musch DC, et al. Progression of myopia in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement. <em>JAMA Ophthalmol</em>. 2021;139(3):293-300. PMID: 33443542 <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33443542/" target="_blank">pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33443542/</a>.</p></div></div></section>
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