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</div><div><span>Q fever</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Q fever</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Q fever is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that are spread by domestic and wild animals and ticks.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Q fever is caused by the bacteria <em>Coxiella burnetii</em>, which live in domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, birds, and cats. Some wild animals and <a test="test" href="./002856.htm">ticks</a> also carry these bacteria.</p><p>You can get Q fever by drinking raw (unpasteurized) milk, or after breathing in dust or droplets in the air that are contaminated with infected animal feces, blood, or birth products.</p><p>People at risk for infection include slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians, researchers, food processors, and sheep and cattle workers. Men are infected more often than women. Most people who get Q fever are between 30 and 70 years old.</p><p>In rare cases, the disease affects children, especially those who live on a farm. In infected children younger than 3 years old, Q fever is usually noticed while looking for the cause of <a test="test" href="./000145.htm">pneumonia</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms usually develop 2 to 3 weeks after coming in contact with the bacteria. This time is called the incubation period. Most people have no symptoms. Others may have moderate symptoms similar to the flu. If symptoms occur, they may last for several weeks.</p><p>Common symptoms may include:</p><ul><li>Dry cough (nonproductive)</li><li>Fever</li><li>Headache</li><li>Joint pain (arthralgia)</li><li>Muscle pains</li></ul><p>Other symptoms that may develop include:</p><ul><li>Abdominal pain</li><li>Chest pain</li><li>Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes)</li><li>Rash</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>A physical examination may reveal abnormal sounds (crackles) in the lungs or an <a test="test" href="./003275.htm">enlarged liver</a> or spleen. In the late stages of the disease, a heart murmur may be heard.</p><p>Tests that may be done include:</p><ul><li>A <a test="test" href="./003804.htm">chest x-ray</a> to detect pneumonia or other changes</li><li>Blood tests to check for antibodies to <em>Coxiella burnetti</em></li><li><a test="test" href="./003436.htm">Liver function test</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count (CBC)</a> with differential</li><li>Tissue staining of infected tissues to identify the bacteria</li><li><a test="test" href="./003868.htm">Electrocardiogram</a> (ECG) or <a test="test" href="./003869.htm">echocardiogram</a> (echo) to look at the heart for changes</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment with antibiotics can shorten the length of the illness. Antibiotics that are commonly used include tetracycline and doxycycline. Pregnant women or children who still have any baby teeth should avoid tetracycline by mouth because it can permanently discolor growing teeth.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Most people get better with treatment. However, complications can be very serious and sometimes even life threatening. Q fever should always be treated if it causes symptoms.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>In rare cases, Q fever causes a heart infection (endocarditis) that can lead to severe symptoms or even death if untreated. Other complications can include:</p><ul><li>Bone infection (<a test="test" href="./000437.htm">osteomyelitis</a>)</li><li>Brain infection (<a test="test" href="./001415.htm">encephalitis</a>)</li><li>Liver infection (chronic hepatitis)</li><li>Lung infection (<a test="test" href="./000145.htm">pneumonia</a>) </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your health care provider if you develop symptoms of Q fever. Also contact your provider if you have been treated for Q fever and symptoms return or new symptoms develop.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Pasteurization of milk destroys the bacteria that cause early Q fever. Domestic animals should be inspected for signs of Q fever if people exposed to them have developed symptoms of the disease.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Query fever</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/9961t.jpg" alt="Temperature measurement" title="Temperature measurement" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/9961.htm">Temperature measurement</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Bolgiano EB, Sexton J. Tickborne illnesses. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, Erickson TB, Wilcox SR, eds. <em>Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice</em>. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 123.</p><p>Hartzell JD, Marrie TJ, Raoult D. Coxiella burnetti (Q fever). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. <em>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases</em>. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 188.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 9/10/2022</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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