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</div><div><span>Hairy cell leukemia</span></div></div>
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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Hairy cell leukemia</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an unusual cancer of the blood. It affects B lymphocyte cells, a type of white blood cell.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>HCL is caused by the abnormal growth of certain B cells. The cells look "hairy" under the microscope because they have fine projections extending from their surface.</p><p>HCL usually leads to a low number of normal blood cells.</p><p>The cause of this disease is unknown. Certain genetic changes in the cancer cells may be the cause. It affects men more often than women. The average age of diagnosis is 55.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>Symptoms of HCL may include any of the following:</p><ul><li>Easy <a test="test" href="./007213.htm">bruising</a> or bleeding</li><li>Heavy sweating (especially at night)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003088.htm">Fatigue</a> and weakness
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</li><li>Feeling full after eating only a small amount</li><li>Recurrent infections and fevers</li><li>Pain or fullness in the upper left belly (<a test="test" href="./003276.htm">enlarged spleen</a>)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003097.htm">Swollen lymph glands</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003107.htm">Weight loss</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>During a physical exam, your health care provider may be able to feel a <a test="test" href="./003276.htm">swollen spleen</a> or liver. An <a test="test" href="./003789.htm">abdominal CT scan</a> or <a test="test" href="./003777.htm">ultrasound</a> may be done to evaluate this swelling.</p><p>Blood tests that may be done include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC) to check low levels of white and red blood cells, as well as <a test="test" href="./003647.htm">platelets</a>.</li><li>Blood tests and a <a test="test" href="./003934.htm">bone marrow biopsy</a> to check for hairy cells.</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment may not be needed for the early stages of this disease. Some people may need an occasional blood transfusion.</p><p>If treatment is needed because of very low blood counts, <a test="test" href="./002324.htm">chemotherapy</a> medicines can be used. </p><p>In most cases, chemotherapy can relieve the symptoms for many years. When the signs and symptoms go away, you are said to be in remission.</p><p><a test="test" href="./002944.htm">Removing the spleen</a> may improve blood counts, but is unlikely to cure the disease. Antibiotics can be used to treat infections. People with low blood counts may receive growth factors and, possibly, transfusions.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>Most people with HCL can expect to live 10 years or longer after diagnosis and treatment.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>The low blood counts caused by hairy cell leukemia can lead to:</p><ul><li>Infections</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Excessive bleeding</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider if you have major bleeding. Also contact your provider if you have signs of infection, such as a persistent <a test="test" href="./003090.htm">fever</a>, <a test="test" href="./003072.htm">cough</a>, or <a test="test" href="./003089.htm">general ill feeling</a>.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>There is no known way to prevent this disease.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis; HCL; Leukemia - hairy cell</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1129t.jpg" alt="Bone marrow aspiration" title="Bone marrow aspiration" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1129.htm">Bone marrow aspiration</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1453t.jpg" alt="Hairy cell leukemia - microscopic view" title="Hairy cell leukemia - microscopic view" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1453.htm">Hairy cell leukemia - microscopic view</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/9943t.jpg" alt="Enlarged spleen" title="Enlarged spleen" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/9943.htm">Enlarged spleen</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>National Cancer Institute website. Hairy cell leukemia treatment (PDQ) health professional version. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/hairy-cell-treatment-pdq" target="_blank">www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/hairy-cell-treatment-pdq</a>. Updated September 20, 2024. Accessed December 3, 2024.</p><p>Nasr MR, Hutchison RE. Leukocytic disorders. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. <em>Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods</em>. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 34.</p><p>Ravandi F. Hairy cell leukemia. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. <em>Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 77.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 6/17/2024</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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