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</div><div><span>Hemolytic anemia</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Hemolytic anemia</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p><a test="test" href="./000560.htm">Anemia</a> is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues.</p><p>Normally, red blood cells last for about 120 days in the body. In people with hemolytic anemia, red blood cells in the blood are destroyed earlier than normal.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>The bone marrow is mostly responsible for making new red cells. Bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of bones that helps form all blood cells.</p><p>Hemolytic anemia occurs when the bone marrow isn't making enough red cells to replace the ones that are being destroyed.</p><p>There are several possible causes of hemolytic anemia. Red blood cells may be destroyed due to:</p><ul><li>An <a test="test" href="./000816.htm">autoimmune problem</a> in which the immune system mistakenly sees your own red blood cells as foreign substances and destroys them</li><li>Genetic variations within the red cells (such as <a test="test" href="./000527.htm">sickle cell anemia</a>, <a test="test" href="./000587.htm">thalassemia</a>, and <a test="test" href="./000528.htm">G6PD deficiency</a>)</li><li>Exposure to certain chemicals, medicines, and toxins</li><li>Infections</li><li>Blood clots in small blood vessels</li><li>Transfusion of blood from a donor with a blood type that does not match yours </li><li>Faulty, damaged, or artificial heart valves</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>You may not have symptoms if the anemia is mild. If the problem develops slowly, the first symptoms may be:</p><ul><li>Feeling weak or tired more often than usual, or with exercise</li><li>Feelings that your heart is pounding or racing</li><li><a test="test" href="./003024.htm">Headaches</a></li><li>Problems concentrating or thinking</li></ul><p>If the anemia gets worse, symptoms may include:</p><ul><li>Lightheadedness when you stand up</li><li>Pale skin</li><li><a test="test" href="./003075.htm">Shortness of breath</a></li><li>Sore tongue</li><li>Left upper abdominal pain due to an <a test="test" href="./003276.htm">enlarged spleen</a><br/></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>A test called a <a test="test" href="./003642.htm">complete blood count</a> (CBC) can help diagnose anemia and offer some hints to the type and cause of the problem. Important parts of the CBC include <a test="test" href="./003644.htm">red blood cell count</a> (RBC), hemoglobin, and <a test="test" href="./003646.htm">hematocrit</a> (HCT).</p><p>These tests can identify the type of hemolytic anemia:</p><ul><li>Absolute <a test="test" href="./003637.htm">reticulocyte count</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003344.htm">Coombs test, direct</a> and indirect</li><li><a test="test" href="./003668.htm">Donath-Landsteiner test</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003549.htm">Cold agglutinins</a></li><li>Free <a test="test" href="./003645.htm">hemoglobin</a> in the serum or urine</li><li><a test="test" href="./003647.htm">Platelet count</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003540.htm">Protein electrophoresis - serum</a></li><li>Serum immunofixation</li><li><a test="test" href="./003357.htm">Pyruvate kinase</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003634.htm">Serum haptoglobin</a> levels</li><li><a test="test" href="./003471.htm">Serum LDH</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003371.htm">Carboxyhemoglobin level</a><br/></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment depends on the type and cause of the hemolytic anemia:</p><ul><li>In emergencies, a blood transfusion may be needed.</li><li>For immune causes, medicines that suppress the immune system may be used.</li><li>When blood cells are being destroyed at a fast pace, the body may need extra folic acid and iron supplements to replace what is being lost.</li></ul><p>In rare cases, surgery is needed to take out the spleen. This is because the spleen acts as a filter that removes abnormal cells from the blood.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>The outcome depends on the type and cause of hemolytic anemia. Severe anemia can make heart disease, lung disease, or <a test="test" href="./000726.htm">cerebrovascular disease</a> worse.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Contact your health care provider if you develop symptoms of hemolytic anemia.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>Anemia - hemolytic</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1212t.jpg" alt="Red blood cells, sickle cell" title="Red blood cells, sickle cell" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1212.htm">Red blood cells, sickle cell</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1223t.jpg" alt="Red blood cells - multiple sickle cells" title="Red blood cells - multiple sickle cells" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1223.htm">Red blood cells - multiple sickle cells</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1494t.jpg" alt="Red blood cells - sickle cells" title="Red blood cells - sickle cells" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1494.htm">Red blood cells - sickle cells</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1495t.jpg" alt="Red blood cells - sickle and Pappenheimer" title="Red blood cells - sickle and Pappenheimer" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1495.htm">Red blood cells - sickle and Pappenheimer</a></li>
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/9123t.jpg" alt="Blood cells" title="Blood cells" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/9123.htm">Blood cells</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Araten DJ, Brodsky RA. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. <em>Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 32.</p><p>Gallagher PG. Hemolytic anemias: red blood cell membrane and metabolic defects. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 147.</p><p>Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Deyrup AT, Das A. Hematopoietic and lymphoid systems. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Deyrup AT, Das A, eds. <em>Robbins and Kumar Basic Pathology</em>. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 10.</p><p>Mentzer WC, Schrier SL. Extrinsic nonimmune hemolytic anemia. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. <em>Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 48.</p><p>Michel M, Jäger U. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. <em>Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 47.</p></div></div></section>
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