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</div><div><span>Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</span></div></div>
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Shiga-like toxin producing <em>E coli</em> hemolytic-uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is a disorder that most often occurs when an infection in the digestive system produces toxic substances. These substances destroy red blood cells and cause kidney injury.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) often occurs after a gastrointestinal infection with <em>E coli</em> bacteria (<em>Escherichia coli</em> O157:H7). However, the condition has also been linked to other gastrointestinal infections, including <a test="test" href="./000295.htm">shigella</a> and <a test="test" href="./000294.htm">salmonella</a>. It has also been linked to non-gastrointestinal infections.</p><p>HUS is most common in children. It is the most common cause of acute kidney failure in children. Several large outbreaks have been linked to undercooked hamburger meat contaminated with <em>E coli</em>.</p><p><em>E coli</em> can be transmitted through:</p><ul><li>Contact from one person to another</li><li>Consuming uncooked food, such as milk products or beef</li></ul><p>STEC-HUS is not to be confused with atypical HUS (aHUS) which is not infection-related. It is similar to another disease called <a test="test" href="./000552.htm">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP).</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>STEC-HUS often begins with vomiting and diarrhea, which may be bloody. Within a week, the person may become weak and irritable. People with this condition may urinate less than normal. Urine output may almost stop.</p><p>Red blood cell destruction leads to symptoms of <a test="test" href="./000560.htm">anemia</a>.</p><p>Early symptoms:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003130.htm">Blood in the stools</a></li><li>Irritability</li><li><a test="test" href="./003090.htm">Fever</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003088.htm">Lethargy</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003117.htm">Vomiting</a> and <a test="test" href="./003126.htm">diarrhea</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003174.htm">Weakness</a></li></ul><p>Later symptoms:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003235.htm">Bruising</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003202.htm">Decreased consciousness</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003147.htm">Low urine output</a></li><li>
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No urine output
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</li><li><a test="test" href="./003244.htm">Pallor</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003200.htm">Seizures</a> -- rare</li><li>Skin rash that looks like fine red spots (<a test="test" href="./003235.htm">petechiae</a>)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may show:</p><ul><li>Liver or spleen swelling</li><li>Nervous system changes </li></ul><p>Laboratory tests will show signs of <a test="test" href="./000571.htm">hemolytic anemia</a> and <a test="test" href="./000501.htm">acute renal failure</a>. Tests may include:</p><ul><li>Blood clotting tests (<a test="test" href="./003652.htm">PT</a> and <a test="test" href="./003653.htm">PTT</a>)</li><li><a test="test" href="./003468.htm">Comprehensive metabolic panel</a> may show increased levels of <a test="test" href="./003474.htm">BUN</a> and <a test="test" href="./003475.htm">creatinine</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003642.htm">Complete blood count</a> (CBC) may show increased white blood cell count and decreased red blood cell count</li><li><a test="test" href="./003647.htm">Platelet count</a> is usually reduced</li><li>Review of a blood smear, which shows deformed and fragmented red blood cells</li><li><a test="test" href="./003579.htm">Urinalysis</a> may reveal blood and protein in the urine</li><li><a test="test" href="./003580.htm">Urine protein</a> test can show the amount of protein in the urine </li></ul><p>Other tests:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./003758.htm">Stool culture</a> may be positive for a certain type of <em>E coli</em> bacteria or other bacteria </li><li><a test="test" href="./003886.htm">Colonoscopy</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003907.htm">Kidney biopsy</a> (in rare cases)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment may involve:</p><ul><li>Dialysis</li><li>Medicines, such as corticosteroids</li><li>Management of fluids and electrolytes</li><li>Transfusions of packed red blood cells and platelets</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>This is a serious illness in both children and adults, and it can cause death. With proper treatment, more than half of people will recover. The outcome is better in children than adults.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Complications may include:</p><ul><li>Blood clotting problems</li><li><a test="test" href="./000571.htm">Hemolytic anemia</a></li><li>Kidney failure</li><li>Hypertension leading to seizures, irritability, and other nervous system problems</li><li>Too few platelets (<a test="test" href="./000586.htm">thrombocytopenia</a>)</li><li><a test="test" href="./000508.htm">Uremia</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider if you develop symptoms of HUS. Emergency symptoms include:</p><ul><li>Blood in the stool</li><li>No urination</li><li>Reduced alertness (consciousness) </li></ul><p>Contact your provider if you have had an episode of HUS and your urine output decreases, or you develop other new symptoms.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>You can prevent the known cause, <em>E coli</em>, by cooking hamburger and other meats well. You should also avoid contact with unclean water and follow proper hand washing methods.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Alternative Names</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Alt" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Alt"><p>HUS; STEC-HUS; Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Alexander T, Licht C, Smoyer WE, Rosenblum ND. Diseases of the kidney and upper urinary tract in children. In: Yu ASL, Chertow GM, Luyckx VA, Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Taal MW, eds. <em>Brenner and Rector's The Kidney</em>. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap: 72.</p><p>George G, Friedman KD. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndromes. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. <em>Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice</em>. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 132.</p><p>Mele C, Noris M, Remuzzi G. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ricci Z, eds. <em>Critical Care Nephrology</em>. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 50.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 3/31/2024</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.</p>
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