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<article><div id="d-article"><div class="page-info"><div class="page-title"><a name="start" id="start">
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</a><h1 class="with-also" itemprop="name">Malabsorption</h1>
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</noscript></div><div class="main"><div id="ency_summary"><p>Malabsorption involves problems with the body's ability to take in (absorb) nutrients from food.</p></div><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Causes</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-1" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-1"><p>Many diseases can cause malabsorption. Most often, malabsorption involves problems absorbing certain sugars, fats, proteins, or vitamins. It can also involve an overall problem with absorbing food.</p><p>Problems or damage to the small intestine that may lead to problems absorbing important nutrients. These include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000233.htm">Celiac disease</a></li><li>Tropical sprue</li><li><a test="test" href="./000249.htm">Crohn disease</a></li><li>Whipple disease</li><li>Damage from <a test="test" href="./001918.htm">radiation</a> treatments</li><li><a test="test" href="./000222.htm">Overgrowth of bacteria in the small bowel</a></li><li>Parasite or tapeworm infection</li><li>Surgery that removes all or part of the small intestine </li></ul><p>Enzymes produced by the pancreas help absorb fats and other nutrients. A decrease of these enzymes makes it harder to absorb fats and certain nutrients. Problems with the pancreas may be caused by:</p><ul><li>Cystic fibrosis</li><li><a test="test" href="./000221.htm">Infections or swelling of the pancreas</a></li><li>Trauma to the pancreas</li><li>Surgery to remove part of the pancreas </li></ul><p>Some of the other causes of malabsorption include:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000594.htm">AIDS</a> and HIV</li><li>Certain medicines (tetracycline, some antacids, some medicines used to treat obesity, colchicine, acarbose, phenytoin, cholestyramine)</li><li><a test="test" href="./002945.htm">Gastrectomy</a> and <a test="test" href="./007199.htm">surgical treatments for obesity</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000215.htm">Cholestasis</a></li><li>Chronic liver disease</li><li><a test="test" href="./000276.htm">Cow's milk protein intolerance</a></li><li>Soy milk protein intolerance </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Symptoms</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-2" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-2"><p>In children, the current weight or rate of weight gain is often much lower than that of other children of similar age and sex. This is called <a test="test" href="./000991.htm">failure to thrive</a>. The child may not grow and develop normally.</p><p>Adults may also have failure to thrive, with weight loss, muscle wasting, weakness, and even problems thinking.</p><p>Changes in the stools are often present, but not always.</p><p>Changes in the stools may include:</p><ul><li>Bloating, cramping, and gas</li><li>Bulky stools</li><li>Chronic diarrhea</li><li>Fatty stools (steatorrhea)</li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Exams and Tests</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-3" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-3"><p>Your health care provider will do an exam. Tests that may be done include:</p><ul><li>Blood and urine tests</li><li>CT scan of the abdomen</li><li><a test="test" href="./003500.htm">Hydrogen breath test</a></li><li>MR or CT enterography</li><li><a test="test" href="./003572.htm">Schilling test</a> for vitamin B12 deficiency</li><li><a test="test" href="./003892.htm">Secretin stimulation test</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003889.htm">Small bowel biopsy</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003758.htm">Stool culture</a> or <a test="test" href="./003731.htm">culture of small intestine aspirate</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./003588.htm">Stool fat testing</a></li><li>X-rays of the small bowel or other imaging tests </li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Treatment</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-4" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-4"><p>Treatment depends on the cause and is aimed at relieving symptoms and ensuring the body receives enough nutrients.</p><p>A high-calorie diet may be tried. It should supply:</p><ul><li>Key vitamins and minerals, such as <a test="test" href="./002422.htm">iron</a>, folic acid, and <a test="test" href="./002403.htm">vitamin B12</a></li><li>Enough carbohydrates, proteins, and fats</li></ul><p>If needed, injections of some vitamins and minerals or special growth factors will be given. Those with damage to the pancreas may need to take pancreatic enzymes. Your provider will prescribe these if necessary.</p><p>Medicines to slow down the normal movement of the intestine can be tried. This may allow food to remain in the intestine longer.</p><p>If the body is not able to absorb enough nutrients, <a test="test" href="../patientinstructions/000177.htm">total parenteral nutrition (TPN)</a> may be tried. It will help you or your child get nutrition from a special formula through a vein in the body. Your provider will select the right amount of calories and TPN solution. Sometimes, you can also eat and drink while getting nutrition from TPN.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Outlook (Prognosis)</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-5" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-5"><p>The outlook depends on what is causing the malabsorption. </p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Possible Complications</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-6" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-6"><p>Long-term malabsorption can result in:</p><ul><li><a test="test" href="./000584.htm">Anemia</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000273.htm">Gallstones</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000458.htm">Kidney stones</a></li><li><a test="test" href="./000360.htm">Thin and weakened bones</a></li></ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>When to Contact a Medical Professional</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-7" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-7"><p>Contact your provider if you have symptoms of malabsorption.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Prevention</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-8" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-8"><p>Prevention depends on the condition causing malabsorption.</p></div></div></section><section><div class="section sec-mb"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Images</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-tnails" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<li><img src="//medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/tnails/1090t.jpg" alt="Digestive system" title="Digestive system" class="side-img"/><a href="../imagepages/1090.htm">Digestive system</a></li>
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</ul></div></div></section><section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>References</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-Ref" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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</div></div><div class="section-body" id="section-Ref"><p>Högenauer C, Hammer HF. Maldigestion and malabsorption. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. <em>Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease</em>. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 104.</p><p>Semrad CE. Approach to the patient with diarrhea and malabsorption. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. <em>Goldman-Cecil Medicine</em>. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 126.</p></div></div></section>
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<section><div class="section"><div class="section-header"><div class="section-title"><h2>Review Date 6/11/2024</h2></div><div class="section-button"><button type="submit" aria-controls="section-version" role="button" title="Expand/Collapse section"><span class="icon icon-section-action">
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<div id="section-version" class="section-body"><p>Updated by: Jenifer K. Lehrer, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Aria - Jefferson Health Torresdale, Jefferson Digestive Diseases Network, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. </p>
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