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nih-gov/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/07/13/revealing-data-visualizations-in-historical-collections/amp/index.html
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/*# sourceURL=/css/ampshared.css*/</style><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:title" content="Revealing Data: Visualizations in Historical Collections"><meta property="og:url" content="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/07/13/revealing-data-visualizations-in-historical-collections/"><meta property="og:description" content="By Adam Korengold ~ Data visualization is a new and quickly evolving discipline. While the modern form of the practice often uses complex IT tools, the practice of using charts, graphs, and visual …"><meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-07-13T15:00:55+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-10-10T13:49:28+00:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections"><meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/data-visualization_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1"><meta property="og:image:width" content="900"><meta property="og:image:height" content="400"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="A collage of images from the blog post."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@NLM_NIH"><meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Revealing Data: Visualizations in Historical Collections"><meta name="twitter:image" 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Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections </span>
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<h1 class="amp-wp-title">Revealing Data: Visualizations in Historical Collections</h1>
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<p><em>By Adam Korengold ~<br>
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<p>Data visualization is a new and quickly evolving discipline. While the modern form of the practice often uses complex IT tools, the practice of using charts, graphs, and visual imagery to uncover data’s meaning is not new. With a collection spanning from the eleventh century to the present, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) holds many examples of how medicine and science have used visuals to communicate insights.</p>
<p><strong><em>A Brief History of Data Visualization</em></strong></p>
<p>The first popular graphical statistician was William Playfair, a Scottish political economist whose 1786 <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Commercial_and_Political_Atlas/dgRdAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=0"><em>Commercial and Political Atlas</em></a> visualized economic data. Seventy-five years later, the London physician John Snow created what may be the first, and most influential, medical data visualization. Amidst a <a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/0050707">cholera epidemic</a> in the early 1850s, and a tension between using statistics for pattern recognition only, and using data as part of a methodological approach, his map fundamentally changed how clinicians, researchers, and the public use data.</p>
<figure id="attachment_27112" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27112" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-36eba57" data-amp-original-style="width: 877px"><amp-img data-amp-lightbox="true" lightbox="true" class="wp-image-27112 size-full amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Map" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cholera_b28985266_0058_wellcome.jpg?resize=840%2C796&amp;ssl=1" alt="A street map of a London neighborhood with cases of cholera marked on it concentrated around a small area." width="840" height="796" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cholera_b28985266_0058_wellcome.jpg?w=877&amp;ssl=1 877w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cholera_b28985266_0058_wellcome.jpg?resize=300%2C284&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cholera_b28985266_0058_wellcome.jpg?resize=768%2C728&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cholera_b28985266_0058_wellcome.jpg?resize=840%2C796&amp;ssl=1 840w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9Ijc5NiIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Map" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cholera_b28985266_0058_wellcome.jpg?resize=840%2C796&amp;ssl=1" alt="A street map of a London neighborhood with cases of cholera marked on it concentrated around a small area." width="840" height="796" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cholera_b28985266_0058_wellcome.jpg?w=877&amp;ssl=1 877w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cholera_b28985266_0058_wellcome.jpg?resize=300%2C284&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cholera_b28985266_0058_wellcome.jpg?resize=768%2C728&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/cholera_b28985266_0058_wellcome.jpg?resize=840%2C796&amp;ssl=1 840w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px"></noscript></amp-img><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27112" class="wp-caption-text">John Snow’s map showing the location of cholera deaths in relation to the location of the Broad Street water pump in south London signaled a fundamental change in how medical science uses data to improve public health.<br><a href="https://archive.org/details/b28985266/page/n57/mode/2up"><em>Courtesy Wellcome Library</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Based on data that he had gathered from his own research, Snow created a map showing the locations of fatal cases in relation to where water pumps were located.</p>
<p><strong><em>Visualizations in the NLM Historical Collections</em></strong></p>
<p>Here are several ways that pieces in NLM’s digital collections visualize data for showing research insights, mapping, and public health.</p>
<p>At the most basic level, data visualization illustrates research findings for diverse audiences. One of the best examples of this comes from the <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/05/12/nightingale-lady-and-legend/">extraordinary career of Florence Nightingale</a>, and her study of deaths in British military hospitals during the Crimean War, titled <a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101598842-img">“Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East</a>.”</p>
<figure id="attachment_19118" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19118" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-cbe58fd" data-amp-original-style="width: 840px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-19118 size-large amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Diagram" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?resize=840%2C930&amp;ssl=1" alt="A chart comparing disease deaths with battlefield deaths, by month, over time." width="840" height="930" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?resize=925%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 925w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?resize=271%2C300&amp;ssl=1 271w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?resize=768%2C850&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?resize=840%2C930&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?w=1084&amp;ssl=1 1084w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjkzMCIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Diagram" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?resize=840%2C930&amp;ssl=1" alt="A chart comparing disease deaths with battlefield deaths, by month, over time." width="840" height="930" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?resize=925%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 925w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?resize=271%2C300&amp;ssl=1 271w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?resize=768%2C850&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?resize=840%2C930&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_185_330362.jpg?w=1084&amp;ssl=1 1084w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19118" class="wp-caption-text">“Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East,” in “A Contribution to the Sanitary History of the British Army during the Late War with Russia,” 1859. Florence Nightingale’s diagram of the causes of military deaths via preventable causes led to significant advances in military medicine.<br><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101598842"><em>National Library of Medicine #101598842</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Dating from the same period as Snow’s cholera map, Nightingale’s rotary diagrams show the difference between deaths from wounds and other injuries (in red), and the much greater scale of deaths from preventable causes, such as cholera and other communicable diseases. This visualization was also instrumental in advancing medical practice in times of war.</p>
<p>Process and the scientific method are also an essential part of medical practice. Sometimes the most insightful data visualizations do no more than show how scientists achieved a particular objective, providing documentary evidence of how modern genetics came to be. A prime example comes from the noted geneticist Marshall Nirenberg. Nirenberg was able to <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/05/17/revealing-data-explorations-of-data-in-collections/">decipher how DNA sequences</a> direct the body to assemble amino acids.</p>
<figure id="attachment_3022" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-3022" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-d90ca47" data-amp-original-style="width: 1600px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/nirenberg_chart_jjbccw.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-3022 size-full amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Chart" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/nirenberg_chart_jjbccw.jpg?resize=840%2C832&amp;ssl=1" alt="A large paper chart constructed of serveral pages taped together, handwritten in several colors of ink." width="840" height="832" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjgzMiIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Chart" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/nirenberg_chart_jjbccw.jpg?resize=840%2C832&amp;ssl=1" alt="A large paper chart constructed of serveral pages taped together, handwritten in several colors of ink." width="840" height="832"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-3022" class="wp-caption-text">Nirenberg’s handwritten genetic code chart, 1965. Marshall Nirenberg’s genetic code chart visualizes his research process. <br><a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/jj/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584910X475-img"><em>Profiles in Science, National Library of Medicine</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The resulting code chart (Marshall Nirenberg Papers, 1965) is made of six pieces of graph paper taped together. Columns are labeled for each of the amino acids, and each one of the genetic codes is noted down the left margin. The chart shows numerous edits—so it serves as a living document of <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/01/21/deciphering-the-genetic-code-a-50-year-anniversary/">the founding days of molecular biology</a>.</p>
<p>Maps are sometimes the ideal way to visualize data because they apply a data set to a physical structure. Similarly to John Snow working with cholera, the Paris city statistician, Jacques Bertillon, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/05/17/revealing-data-explorations-of-data-in-collections/">published a major study of the prevalence of influenza</a>, including visualizations of infection and death by age and geographic location, in 1892.</p>
<p>Maps can use a familiar structure, <a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101439358-img">like a map of the world in 1943, showing the prevalence of malaria</a>, titled “This is Ann… she drinks blood!” (Special Service Division, Army Service Forces, War Department: U.S. G.P.O., 1943). A mosquito-borne disease, malaria was a particular problem in North Africa and southeast Asia during the Second World War, where Allied troops were fighting.</p>
<figure id="attachment_15931" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15931" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-d90ca47" data-amp-original-style="width: 1600px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/seuss_main.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-15931 size-full amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Map-Geographic" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/seuss_main.jpg?resize=840%2C611&amp;ssl=1" alt="Illustration of an Anopheles malaria mosquito drinking a glass of blood. Illustration includes map of the world indicating malaria prevalence." width="840" height="611" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjYxMSIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Map-Geographic" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/seuss_main.jpg?resize=840%2C611&amp;ssl=1" alt="Illustration of an Anopheles malaria mosquito drinking a glass of blood. Illustration includes map of the world indicating malaria prevalence." width="840" height="611"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15931" class="wp-caption-text">This data visualization incorporating a character by Dr. Seuss shows the prevalence of malaria across the world during World War II. <br><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101439358"><em>National Library of Medicine #101439358</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>This visualization uses shades of red to show intensity of malaria infection, clearly meant for a wartime audience. The framing device is Ann the anopheles mosquito, whom eagle-eyed readers will recognize as the creation of no less than Theodore Geisel, more widely known as <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/03/04/happy-birthday-dr-seuss/">Dr. Seuss</a>.</p>
<p>Maps aren’t always geographic. This example titled “The Human Genome Map ” (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1990), is one of the <a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101449383-img">first visualizations of the human genome</a>. It is hard to understate the value of the full map of the human genome to the right, which is the basis for so many advancements in medicine and health over the past three decades.</p>
<figure id="attachment_27123" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27123" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-f6ef169" data-amp-original-style="width: 670px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-27123 size-large amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Map-Diagram" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?resize=670%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" alt="A poster featuring a series of 24 boxes--1 for each chromosome--containing multicolored bars depicting the progress in mapping the human genome as of Oct. 1990." width="670" height="1024" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?resize=670%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 670w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?resize=196%2C300&amp;ssl=1 196w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?resize=768%2C1174&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?w=785&amp;ssl=1 785w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMjQiIHdpZHRoPSI2NzAiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4xIi8+"></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Map-Diagram" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?resize=670%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" alt="A poster featuring a series of 24 boxes--1 for each chromosome--containing multicolored bars depicting the progress in mapping the human genome as of Oct. 1990." width="670" height="1024" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?resize=670%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 670w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?resize=196%2C300&amp;ssl=1 196w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?resize=768%2C1174&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/human-genome_101449383.jpg?w=785&amp;ssl=1 785w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27123" class="wp-caption-text">This map, dating from 1990, shows the fully decoded human genome.<br><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101449383"><em>National Library of Medicine #101449383</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>It’s useful to visualize public health information in ways that are easy to understand and not limited to language or level of data literacy. NLM’s collection includes visualizations that serve the public interest and speak to issues of public health, <a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101439524-img">like this Soviet-era poster</a> titled “Malaria: Severe Contagious Disease.” It shows the fluctuating fever that is a hallmark of the disease (USSR Central Institute of Sanitary Education, 1942). At that time, Russian troops fought (literally) feverishly to repel the Nazi invasion. As we saw in the Dr. Seuss map above, southern Russia, where much of the fighting took place, was also an area of concern for malaria.</p>
<figure id="attachment_27125" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27125" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-cbe58fd" data-amp-original-style="width: 840px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-27125 size-large amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Graph" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=840%2C590&amp;ssl=1" alt="A poster with text in Cyrillic and illustrations of glassy-eyed person lying in bed. A temperature chart on right side of poster illustrates change in fever and the text declares a War on Malaria." width="840" height="590" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=1024%2C719&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=300%2C211&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=768%2C539&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=1536%2C1078&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=1200%2C842&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=840%2C590&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?w=1600&amp;ssl=1 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjU5MCIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Graph" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=840%2C590&amp;ssl=1" alt="A poster with text in Cyrillic and illustrations of glassy-eyed person lying in bed. A temperature chart on right side of poster illustrates change in fever and the text declares a War on Malaria." width="840" height="590" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=1024%2C719&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=300%2C211&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=768%2C539&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=1536%2C1078&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=1200%2C842&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?resize=840%2C590&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Maliariia_101439524.jpg?w=1600&amp;ssl=1 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27125" class="wp-caption-text">This Soviet-era visualization familiarizes viewers with the intermittent fever that is characteristic of malaria.<br><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101439524"><em>National Library of Medicine #233259671</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The headline reads “Malaria-Severe Contagious Disease.” The clearly uncomfortable patient in the main illustration shows how debilitating and exhausting that malaria, and the graph is a useful piece of messaging to convey an essential feature of malaria for an audience of clinicians, patients, and the public to understand a disease with which they may not otherwise be familiar.</p>
<p>Similarly, this example of the <a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101449729-img">relationship between taxes on liquor, and per capita consumption</a> (Koller, 1929) between 1919 and 1922 shows, in clear visual terms, that higher taxes are associated with less drinking per person in Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, France, and Switzerland.</p>
<figure id="attachment_27128" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27128" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-42d79d2" data-amp-original-style="width: 710px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-27128 size-large amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Chart" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?resize=710%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" alt="Bottles vary in size, depending on the level of consumption in a country. The countries compared are Great Britain (least), Belgium, Germany, France, and Switzerland (most). Below, Swiss francs of varying sizes to illustrate the taxation of alcohol in the same countries. There is an exact inverse correlation between taxation and consumption." width="710" height="1024" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?resize=710%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 710w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?resize=208%2C300&amp;ssl=1 208w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?resize=768%2C1108&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?w=832&amp;ssl=1 832w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMjQiIHdpZHRoPSI3MTAiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4xIi8+"></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Chart" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?resize=710%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" alt="Bottles vary in size, depending on the level of consumption in a country. The countries compared are Great Britain (least), Belgium, Germany, France, and Switzerland (most). Below, Swiss francs of varying sizes to illustrate the taxation of alcohol in the same countries. There is an exact inverse correlation between taxation and consumption." width="710" height="1024" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?resize=710%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 710w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?resize=208%2C300&amp;ssl=1 208w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?resize=768%2C1108&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/alcohol-taxes_101449729.jpg?w=832&amp;ssl=1 832w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27128" class="wp-caption-text">This chart, in French, shows an inverse relationship between excise taxes on alcohol and alcohol consumption in several European countries.<br><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101449729"><em>National Library of Medicine #101449729</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p><strong><em>How to Find Visualizations in NLM’s Digital Collections</em></strong></p>
<p>It’s easy to find visualizations in NLM’s digital collections. The simplest way is to use your Web browser to navigate to <a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov">https://collections.nlm.nih.gov</a>. From the dropdown menu, choose “still images,” and then use the search box to specify the types of information of interest, like maps, visualizations, diagrams, or specific topics of interest like influenza, HIV, or the human genome (See the diagram below).</p>
<figure id="attachment_27131" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-27131" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-cbe58fd" data-amp-original-style="width: 840px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-27131 size-large amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Diagram" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=840%2C473&amp;ssl=1" alt="An annotated screenshot of the NLM Digital Collections homepage providing instructions." width="840" height="473" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C577&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=1536%2C865&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=1200%2C676&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=840%2C473&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?w=1602&amp;ssl=1 1602w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ3MyIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Diagram" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=840%2C473&amp;ssl=1" alt="An annotated screenshot of the NLM Digital Collections homepage providing instructions." width="840" height="473" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C577&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=1536%2C865&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=1200%2C676&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?resize=840%2C473&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/how-to-find-dataviz-at-NLM-1.jpg?w=1602&amp;ssl=1 1602w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-27131" class="wp-caption-text">Use this diagram to see how to find data visualizations in NLM’s digital collections.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Beyond their value in documenting how medical science has shown its findings visually, these examples help today’s medical researchers to make their findings more resonant for the people they serve.</p>
<p><em>Explore other data visualizations, both modern and historical in our <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/">Revealing Data</a> series, which explores what researchers from a variety of disciplines are learning from centuries of preserved data, and how their work can help us think about the future preservation and uses of the data we collect today.</em></p>
<p><em><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="alignleft wp-image-27134 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Adam Korengold" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=100%2C101&amp;ssl=1" alt="An informal portrait of a man indoors in a collared shirt." width="100" height="101" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=1019%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1019w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=768%2C772&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=800%2C800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=400%2C400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=840%2C844&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?w=1194&amp;ssl=1 1194w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Adam Korengold" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=100%2C101&amp;ssl=1" alt="An informal portrait of a man indoors in a collared shirt." width="100" height="101" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=1019%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1019w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=768%2C772&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=800%2C800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=400%2C400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=200%2C200&amp;ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?resize=840%2C844&amp;ssl=1 840w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AK-headshot.jpg?w=1194&amp;ssl=1 1194w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px"></noscript></amp-img>Adam Korengold is an Analytics Lead in NLM’s Office of Computer and Communications Systems. He works with NLM staff to analyze and visualize data about how the library’s digital products are reaching audiences. He also teaches in the graduate Data Analytics and Visualization program at the Maryland Institute College of Art in Baltimore, Maryland.<br>
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