83 lines
64 KiB
HTML
83 lines
64 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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/*# sourceURL=/css/ampshared.css*/</style><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:title" content="The Phantom of the Anatomy Lecture"><meta property="og:url" content="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/07/03/the-phantom-of-the-anatomy-lecture/"><meta property="og:description" content="By Michael Sappol ~ Originally published in Hidden Treasure: The National Library of Medicine, 2011. There he sits in retirement, still bearing the legend “Examined and Approved by Frank H. Hamilto…"><meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-07-03T16:00:55+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-07-03T14:26:45+00:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections"><meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_059-head_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1"><meta property="og:image:width" content="900"><meta property="og:image:height" content="400"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="A detail of the head of a lifesized anatomical chart of layers of printed cardboard."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@NLM_NIH"><meta name="twitter:text:title" content="The Phantom of the Anatomy Lecture"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_059-head_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1&w=640"><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="A detail of the head of a lifesized anatomical chart of layers of printed cardboard."><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"><meta name="generator" content="AMP Plugin v2.5.5; mode=reader; theme=legacy"><script async="" src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.mjs" type="module" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script async nomodule src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-anim-0.1.mjs" async="" custom-element="amp-anim" type="module" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script async nomodule src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-anim-0.1.js" crossorigin="anonymous" custom-element="amp-anim"></script><script src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-social-share-0.1.mjs" async="" custom-element="amp-social-share" type="module" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script async nomodule src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-social-share-0.1.js" 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/*# sourceURL=amp-custom.css */</style><link rel="canonical" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/07/03/the-phantom-of-the-anatomy-lecture/"><title>The Phantom of the Anatomy Lecture – Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</title><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/circulating-nih-logo-v3.png?fit=232%2C60\u0026ssl=1"}},"@type":"BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/07/03/the-phantom-of-the-anatomy-lecture/","headline":"The Phantom of the Anatomy Lecture","datePublished":"2019-07-03T12:00:55-04:00","dateModified":"2019-07-03T10:26:45-04:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Circulating Now"},"image":"https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_059-head_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400\u0026ssl=1"}</script></head>
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Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections </span>
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<h1 class="amp-wp-title">The Phantom of the Anatomy Lecture</h1>
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<time datetime="2019-07-03T16:00:55+00:00">
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6 years ago </time>
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<amp-img width="840" height="373" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_059-head_feature.jpg?fit=840%2C373&ssl=1" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" alt="A detail of the head of a lifesized anatomical chart of layers of printed cardboard." data-hero-candidate="" layout="intrinsic" data-hero i-amphtml-ssr i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjM3MyIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><img class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-amphtml-replaced-content" decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="A detail of the head of a lifesized anatomical chart of layers of printed cardboard." src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_059-head_feature.jpg?fit=840%2C373&ssl=1"></amp-img> </figure>
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<p><em>By Michael Sappol ~</em></p>
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<p><em>Originally published in </em><a title="NLM's Hidden Treasure (PDF)" href="http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/HiddenTreasure">Hidden Treasure: The National Library of Medicine</a><em>, 2011</em><em>.</em></p>
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<figure id="attachment_16639" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16639" class="wp-caption alignright amp-wp-e066a2c" data-amp-original-style="width: 404px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_059.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="wp-image-16639 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_059.jpg?resize=404%2C447&ssl=1" alt="A lifesized layered cardboard anatomical chart propped in a sitting position." width="404" height="447" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ0NyIgd2lkdGg9IjQwNCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_059.jpg?resize=404%2C447&ssl=1" alt="A lifesized layered cardboard anatomical chart propped in a sitting position." width="404" height="447"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-16639" class="wp-caption-text"><em>White’s Physiological Manikin</em>, 1886<br>James T. White & Co. New York. Chromolithograph flaps sewn onto varnished cardboard; die-cut leaves; 23 5⁄8 x 68 1⁄2 in.<br>The manikin’s flaps correspond to lecture topics such as the circulatory system, the brain and nervous system, the skeleton and muscles, venereal disease and the physiology of reproduction (male and female), first aid, and the dangers of corseting (visible in the far right). D r. Franke’s Phantom (1891), a deluxe edition of White’s Physiological Manikin, also contains flaps showing the stages of gestation and possible positions of fetuses and twins—a pregnant hermaphrodite. The German “Dr. Franke” is probably a corruption of “Dr. Frank Hamilton,” whose endorsement was featured in American versions and who wrote an accompanying booklet.<br><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101564128"><em>National Library of Medicine #101564128</em></a><br><em>Photography by Arne Svenson</em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>There he sits in retirement, still bearing the legend “Examined and Approved by Frank H. Hamilton, M.D.” (a prominent surgeon and one of the four physicians who attended President Garfield). But during his career, the life-size manikin worked standing up, or, more precisely, hanging from a hook. Then he sustained a wound: the stress of suspending his 8.2 pounds wore out the cardboard and he fell. It might have happened front stage at a medicine show, where a pitchman of nostrums was getting the suckers worked up by enumerating the “thousand natural shocks that flesh is heir to.” Or in a doctor’s office, where the manikin served as a 100-in-1 quick reference wall chart. Or in a classroom, where he bore witness to lectures on the respiratory system, first aid, or nutrition.</p>
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<p>He was stiff and sharply delineated, contained. Yet he came equipped with extravagant foliage—layers, sublayers, and openings—like some tropical plant that just can’t stop growing. On the right half of his torso alone there sprouted seventeen flaps, printed on both sides. He was a gadget that does too much: a Swiss Army knife with a thousand blades. A reviewer described him: “Besides exhibiting the form, position, color, and relation of the organs of a healthy body…the manikin is accompanied by a series of microscopical plates showing sections of lung, vein, valve, bone, hair, finger-end, skin, wall of stomach, cross-section of muscle, etc. The cranial, spinal, and sympathetic nerve systems, and their connections are also illustrated.” Another writer raved about the many “surgical operations” presented in the manikin: “Ligations of Arteries, Amputations in the Seven Surgical Divisions of the Arm and Leg…Lines of Exsections of Joints,” etc.</p>
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<p>Some openings were morally instructive. Colored plates demonstrated “the effects of alcohol and narcotics on the human stomach,” deformations of the female rib cage caused by corsetry, and “microscopical sections representing pathological changes occurring in several maladies,” including venereal diseases. The manikin—obviously masculine, but an effigy of the universal human—also contained both male and female organs of “generation.”</p>
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<figure id="attachment_16640" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16640" class="wp-caption alignleft amp-wp-a93a283" data-amp-original-style="width: 207px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_058.jpg?ssl=1"><amp-img class="size-medium wp-image-16640 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_058.jpg?resize=207%2C300&ssl=1" alt="A detail of the head of a lifesized anatomical chart of layers of printed cardboard." width="207" height="300" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjMwMCIgd2lkdGg9IjIwNyIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ht_058.jpg?resize=207%2C300&ssl=1" alt="A detail of the head of a lifesized anatomical chart of layers of printed cardboard." width="207" height="300"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-16640" class="wp-caption-text">The head of <em>White’s Physiological Manikin</em>, 1886<br><a href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101564128"><em>National Library of Medicine #101564128</em></a><br><em>Photography by Arne Svenson</em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>At an 1887 educational exposition in Chicago it was showered with “special praise.” At the time reformers claimed that every civilized person should have a basic knowledge of the human body and the laws of health. Twenty-five states required the teaching of physiology in public schools. But, for this task, books and lectures were insufficient. Visual and tactile aids were needed, argued Dr. Roger S. Tracy of the New York City Health Department. “Human dissection being out of the question,” schools should buy three-dimensional “dissectable” manikins to “afford the pupil a vivid and exact conception” of the organs “in their situations, connections, and relative dimensions.” But such papier-mâché manikins, imported from France, cost from $250 to $1,500—too expensive for financially pressed school systems. White’s Manikin, in contrast, went for $35. The school superintendent of Woonsocket, Rhode Island, ordered four for his grammar school classrooms. It was marketed for at least twenty years. A deluxe edition was repackaged in Germany as Dr. Franke’s Phantom (1891), clairvoyantly anticipating its current status: a ghostly relic of late-nineteenth-century anatomical pedagogy.</p>
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<p><em>Learn more about <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anatomy/">anatomy</a> in the historical collections of the National Library of Medicine.</em></p>
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<p><em><a href="http://katalog.uu.se/profile/?id=N16-1296">Michael Sappol</a> was formerly historian and scholar-in-residence in the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine. In June 2016 he relocated to Stockholm, Sweden. He is the author of </em>A Traffic of Dead Bodies: Anatomy and Embodied Social Identity in Nineteenth-Century America <em>and </em>Dream Anatomy<em> and co-editor of </em>A Cultural History of the Body in the Age of Empire<em>.</em></p>
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class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjIwMCIgd2lkdGg9IjM1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Mansur-ibn-Ilyas_9406458_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200" alt="A drawing roughly representing a human body with organs, including a uterus with a tiny figure inside and circulation system." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Mansur-ibn-Ilyas_9406458_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Mansur-ibn-Ilyas_9406458_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Mansur-ibn-Ilyas_9406458_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x" width="350" height="200"></noscript></amp-img></a><dl class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs"><dt>Date</dt><dd class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-date">May 27, 2021</dd><dt>In relation to</dt><dd class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-context"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/">Collections</a></dd></dl></li><li id="related-posts-item-67c7b8f7e72fa" class="jp-related-posts-i2__post"><a id="related-posts-item-67c7b8f7e72fa-label" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/01/28/the-apotheosis-of-the-dissected-plate/" class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-link">The Apotheosis of the Dissected Plate<amp-img class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-img amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/20110223_0552_feature.png?fit=932%2C361&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200" alt="An illustration of the anatomy of the face done in several translucent colored layers." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/20110223_0552_feature.png?fit=932%2C361&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/20110223_0552_feature.png?fit=932%2C361&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/20110223_0552_feature.png?fit=932%2C361&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x" width="350" height="200" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjIwMCIgd2lkdGg9IjM1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/20110223_0552_feature.png?fit=932%2C361&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200" alt="An illustration of the anatomy of the face done in several translucent colored layers." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/20110223_0552_feature.png?fit=932%2C361&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/20110223_0552_feature.png?fit=932%2C361&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/20110223_0552_feature.png?fit=932%2C361&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x" width="350" height="200"></noscript></amp-img></a><dl class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-defs"><dt>Date</dt><dd class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-date">January 28, 2015</dd><dt>In relation to</dt><dd class="jp-related-posts-i2__post-context"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/">Collections</a></dd></dl></li></ul></nav>
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