86 lines
74 KiB
HTML
86 lines
74 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html amp lang="en-US" data-amp-auto-lightbox-disable transformed="self;v=1" i-amphtml-layout="" i-amphtml-no-boilerplate="">
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/*# sourceURL=/css/ampshared.css*/</style><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:title" content="Challenging an Epidemic of Misinformation"><meta property="og:url" content="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/12/01/challenging-an-epidemic-of-misinformation/"><meta property="og:description" content="By Christie Moffatt The focus of this year’s World AIDS Day is on challenging myths and focusing on facts about HIV, rethinking stereotypes and being positive about HIV. On this day we might also h…"><meta property="article:published_time" content="2015-12-01T16:00:40+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-12-22T20:24:50+00:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections"><meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/qqbdqk_feature.png?fit=932%2C360&ssl=1"><meta property="og:image:width" content="932"><meta property="og:image:height" content="360"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Detail from the cover of the Understanding AIDS brochure."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@NLM_NIH"><meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Challenging an Epidemic of Misinformation"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/qqbdqk_feature.png?fit=932%2C360&ssl=1&w=640"><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Detail from the cover 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/*# sourceURL=amp-custom.css */</style><link rel="canonical" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/12/01/challenging-an-epidemic-of-misinformation/"><title>Challenging an Epidemic of Misinformation – Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</title><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/circulating-nih-logo-v3.png?fit=232%2C60\u0026ssl=1"}},"@type":"BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/12/01/challenging-an-epidemic-of-misinformation/","headline":"Challenging an Epidemic of Misinformation","datePublished":"2015-12-01T11:00:40-05:00","dateModified":"2022-12-22T15:24:50-05:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Circulating Now"},"image":"https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/qqbdqk_feature.png?fit=932%2C360\u0026ssl=1"}</script></head>
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Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections </span>
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<h1 class="amp-wp-title">Challenging an Epidemic of Misinformation</h1>
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<time datetime="2015-12-01T16:00:40+00:00">
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9 years ago </time>
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<amp-img width="840" height="324" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/qqbdqk_feature.png?fit=840%2C324&ssl=1" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" alt="Detail from the cover of the Understanding AIDS brochure." data-hero-candidate="" layout="intrinsic" data-hero i-amphtml-ssr i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjMyNCIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><img class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-amphtml-replaced-content" decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Detail from the cover of the Understanding AIDS brochure." src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/qqbdqk_feature.png?fit=840%2C324&ssl=1"></amp-img> </figure>
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<p><em>By Christie Moffatt</em></p>
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<p>The focus of this year’s <a href="http://www.worldaidsday.org/">World AIDS Day</a> is on challenging myths and focusing on facts about HIV, rethinking stereotypes and being positive about HIV. On this day we might also honor those who took up such challenges in the early years of the AIDS epidemic. U.S. Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop (1916–2013), whose <a href="https://findingaids.nlm.nih.gov/repositories/4/resources/940">personal papers</a> are available to researchers at the National Library of Medicine and online through NLM’s <a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Collection/CID/QQ">Profiles in Science</a>, helped the nation face the most fearsome new pandemic of the century. Dr. Koop educated the public on prevention and protection, argued against mandatory testing and quarantine of the infected, and denounced discrimination against AIDS sufferers in schools, the workplace, and housing.</p>
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<figure id="attachment_8115" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-8115" class="wp-caption alignleft amp-wp-343bce0" data-amp-original-style="width: 300px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbrd_.png?ssl=1" rel="attachment wp-att-8115"><amp-img class="wp-image-8115 size-medium amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Dr. Koop in Uniform" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbrd_.png?resize=300%2C241&ssl=1" alt="Dr. Koop in uniform, an american flag is in the background." width="300" height="241" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjI0MSIgd2lkdGg9IjMwMCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Dr. Koop in Uniform" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbrd_.png?resize=300%2C241&ssl=1" alt="Dr. Koop in uniform, an american flag is in the background." width="300" height="241"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-8115" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584930X272">C. Everett Koop in his office in the Hubert H. Humphrey building in Washington, DC</a>, 1988<br><em>Reproduced with permission of Jon Gilbert Fox</em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>C. Everett Koop’s (1916–2013) two terms as U.S. Surgeon General from 1981 to 1989 coincided with the rise of the AIDS epidemic in the United States, an epidemic that, scientists and health officials then predicted, would turn into the greatest public health catastrophe of the twentieth century. After his superiors relegated him to the sidelines of the AIDS debate during his first four years in office, Koop dedicated almost all of his time and energy to the disease in his second term. In October 1986, he was finally authorized to issue a <a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584930X193">Surgeon General’s report on AIDS</a>. In plain language the 36-page report discussed the nature of AIDS, its modes of transmission, risk factors for contracting the disease, and ways in which people could protect themselves, including use of condoms. Twenty million copies were eventually distributed to the public by members of Congress, public health organizations, and Parent-Teacher Associations. It projected that in 1991, 270,000 cases of AIDS would have occurred. The prediction was too pessimistic, as the total reported cases of AIDS in the U.S. through 1991 turned out to be 206,000, a measure of the effectiveness of Koop’s AIDS education campaign. In a <a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584930X203">speech</a> presented upon the release of this report, Koop emphasized that since education was the best and only strategy of prevention against AIDS, and since AIDS was spread primarily through sex, school children from grade three onward should receive sex education.</p>
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<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbmw_manypeople_p6.jpg?ssl=1" rel="attachment wp-att-8118"><amp-img class="aligncenter wp-image-8118 size-large amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Quote" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbmw_manypeople_p6.jpg?resize=650%2C323&ssl=1" alt="A quote from a statement by C. Everett Koop, MD, Surgeon General, U.S. Public Health Service 1986." width="650" height="323" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjMyMyIgd2lkdGg9IjY1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Quote" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbmw_manypeople_p6.jpg?resize=650%2C323&ssl=1" alt="A quote from a statement by C. Everett Koop, MD, Surgeon General, U.S. Public Health Service 1986." width="650" height="323"></noscript></amp-img></a></p>
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<p>Former liberal critics of Koop were pleasantly surprised while his conservative supporters were taken aback by the explicit language and the lack of moral censure in his AIDS report, and above all by Koop’s promotion of sex education in elementary schools. Yet, as Koop himself saw it, his approach to AIDS was consistent with his long-standing professional commitments as a pediatric surgeon, as well as with his religious faith: “My position on AIDS was dictated by scientific integrity and Christian compassion. . . . My whole career has been dedicated to prolonging lives, especially the lives of people who were weak and powerless, the disenfranchised who needed an advocate: newborns who needed surgery, handicapped children, unborn children, people with AIDS.”</p>
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<p>Nearly two years later, in May of 1988, Koop sent an eight-page, condensed version of his AIDS report, titled “<a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584930X1110">Understanding AIDS</a>” to all 107,000,000 households in the United States, the largest mailing in American history and the first time that the federal government provided explicit sex information to the public.</p>
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<div class="tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized" data-original-width="840" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2015\/12\/01\/challenging-an-epidemic-of-misinformation\/","likes_blog_id":"52242398"}' itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <div class="gallery-row amp-wp-edfa730" data-original-width="840" data-original-height="371" data-amp-original-style="width: 840px; height: 371px;"> <div class="gallery-group images-1 amp-wp-d2eaa3e" data-original-width="296" data-original-height="371" data-amp-original-style="width: 296px; height: 371px;"> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <meta itemprop="width" content="292"> <meta itemprop="height" content="367"> <amp-img class="amp-wp-enforced-sizes amp-wp-db71295 i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" data-attachment-id="8116" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbdqk_.png" data-orig-size="954,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Understanding AIDS Brochure" data-image-description="<p>https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/QQBDQK<br /> Understanding AIDS<br /> What do you really know about AIDS?<br /> Are you at risk?<br /> AIDS and Sex<br /> Why No One Has Gotten AIDS From Mosquitoes<br /> America Responds to AIDS<br /> Otis R. Bowen, M.D., Secretary U.S. Department of Health and Human Services<br /> Robert E. Windom, M.D., Assistant Sectratry of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services<br /> This brochure has been prepared by the Surgeon General and the Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Public Health Services. The Centers for Disease Control is the goverment agency tresponsible for the prevention and control of diseases, including AIDS, in the United States.<br /> U.S. Government Printing Office: 1988 – 532-152</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbdqk_.png?fit=239%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbdqk_.png?fit=814%2C1024&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbdqk_.png?w=292&h=367&ssl=1" width="292" height="367" data-original-width="292" data-original-height="367" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Understanding AIDS Brochure" alt="The cover of the Understanding AIDS brochure." layout="intrinsic" data-amp-original-style="width: 292px; height: 367px;" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjM2NyIgd2lkdGg9IjI5MiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbdqk_.png?w=292&h=367&ssl=1" width="292" height="367" loading="lazy" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Understanding AIDS Brochure" alt="The cover of the Understanding AIDS brochure."></noscript></amp-img> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> Understanding AIDS, 1988 </div> </div> </div> <div class="gallery-group images-1 amp-wp-de4a16d" data-original-width="544" data-original-height="371" data-amp-original-style="width: 544px; height: 371px;"> <div class="tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <meta itemprop="width" content="540"> <meta itemprop="height" content="367"> <amp-img class="amp-wp-enforced-sizes amp-wp-070fe4d i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" data-attachment-id="8117" data-orig-file="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbpj_.png" data-orig-size="1600,1087" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Cartoon by Gary Brookings" data-image-description="<p>https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/QQBBPJ</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbpj_.png?fit=300%2C204&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbpj_.png?fit=840%2C571&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbpj_.png?w=540&h=367&ssl=1" width="540" height="367" data-original-width="540" data-original-height="367" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Cartoon by Gary Brookings" alt="An older man addresses an older woman who has passed out next to an open mailbox." layout="intrinsic" data-amp-original-style="width: 540px; height: 367px;" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjM2NyIgd2lkdGg9IjU0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbbpj_.png?w=540&h=367&ssl=1" width="540" height="367" loading="lazy" itemprop="http://schema.org/image" title="Cartoon by Gary Brookings" alt="An older man addresses an older woman who has passed out next to an open mailbox."></noscript></amp-img> <div class="tiled-gallery-caption" itemprop="caption description"> I Take It the Surgeon General’s ‘AIDS’ Pamphlet Came Today!, 1988 Courtesy Gary Brookings and the Richmond Times Dispatch </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
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<p>Years later, Dr. Koop <a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584930X1109">reminisced</a> that “We entitled the mailer, “Understanding AIDS” hoping that it could come close to required reading in every American home. My hope was that parents, grandparents, children and teenagers would set a time when they could sit down together and review the information in those eight pages. It was my hope that schools would do the same thing in classrooms that were appropriate.”</p>
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<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbdnm_phshascompiled_p2.jpg?ssl=1" rel="attachment wp-att-8120"><amp-img class="aligncenter wp-image-8120 size-large amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" title="Quote" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbdnm_phshascompiled_p2.jpg?resize=650%2C247&ssl=1" alt="A quote from Koop's remarks presented at the press conference on the AIDS brochure and the national mailing, 1988." width="650" height="247" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjI0NyIgd2lkdGg9IjY1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" title="Quote" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/qqbdnm_phshascompiled_p2.jpg?resize=650%2C247&ssl=1" alt="A quote from Koop's remarks presented at the press conference on the AIDS brochure and the national mailing, 1988." width="650" height="247"></noscript></amp-img></a>Through his report, this mailer, and his many speeches and interviews on AIDS Koop did more than any other public official to shift the terms of the public debate over AIDS from the moral politics of homosexuality, sexual promiscuity, and intravenous drug use, practices through which AIDS was spread, to concern with the medical care, economic position, and civil rights of AIDS sufferers. Similarly, Koop promoted redefining the prevalent scientific model of the disease, from a contagion akin to bubonic plague, yellow fever, and other deadly historic epidemics that required the strongest public health measures—mandatory testing and quarantine of carriers—to a chronic disease that was amenable to long-term management with drugs and behavioral changes.</p>
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<p>We invite you to learn more about Dr. C. Everett Koop on NLM’s Profiles in Science, in particular, from the narrative section of the Koop collection titled “<a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/qq/feature/biographical-overview">AIDS, the Surgeon General, and the Politics of Public Health</a>” written by Dr. K. Walter Hickel, formerly a historian in the Digital Manuscript Program at NLM. The collection features nearly <a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?query=c.+everett+koop+speech&v%3Aproject=nlm-main-website">400 speeches</a> given by Dr. Koop, many related to AIDS. Several are also accompanied by <a href="https://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?query=c.+everett+koop+speech&v%3Aproject=nlm-main-website">personal reminiscences</a> of the speeches, prepared by Dr. Koop at the time of their donation to the Library in 2003.</p>
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<p><em><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/cm3-2_crop.jpg"><amp-img class="alignleft wp-image-2622 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/cm3-2_crop.jpg?resize=89%2C105" alt="Christie in the NLM HMD reading room." width="89" height="105" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwNSIgd2lkdGg9Ijg5IiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIvPg=="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/cm3-2_crop.jpg?resize=89%2C105" alt="Christie in the NLM HMD reading room." width="89" height="105"></noscript></amp-img></a>Christie Moffatt is Manager of the Digital Manuscripts Program in the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine and Chair of the NLM Web Collecting and Archiving Working Group.</em></p>
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<div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Circulate this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><amp-social-share type="twitter" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Twitter" title="Click to share on Twitter" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="facebook" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Facebook" title="Click to share on Facebook" data-param-app_id="249643311490" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="pinterest" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Pinterest" title="Click to share on Pinterest" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="tumblr" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Tumblr" title="Click to share on Tumblr" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="reddit" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Reddit" title="Click to share on Reddit" data-share-endpoint="https://reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcirculatingnow.nlm.nih.gov%2F2015%2F12%2F01%2Fchallenging-an-epidemic-of-misinformation%2F&title=Challenging%20an%20Epidemic%20of%20Misinformation" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="linkedin" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on LinkedIn" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share><amp-social-share type="email" height="32px" width="32px" aria-label="Click to share on Email" title="Click to share on Email" data-target="_self" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" style="width:32px;height:32px" i-amphtml-layout="fixed"></amp-social-share></div></div></div></div>
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