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<title>Invasion from Mars? Microbes! &#8211; Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</title>
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<img width="900" height="363" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrc_feature3.jpg?resize=900%2C363&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="A man in a tie, holding papers, stands in front of a chart showing stages of a process that begins with Mars." decoding="async" data-attachment-id="4607" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/18/invasion-from-mars-microbes/bbbbrc_feature3/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrc_feature3.jpg?fit=932%2C363&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="932,363" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-image-title="BBBBRC_feature3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrc_feature3.jpg?fit=300%2C117&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrc_feature3.jpg?fit=840%2C327&amp;ssl=1" />
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<h1 class="entry-title">Invasion from Mars? Microbes!</h1>
<div class="entry-meta"><span class="meta-date"><svg class="icon icon-standard" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#standard"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/18/invasion-from-mars-microbes/" title="4:15 PM" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2014-07-18T16:15:10-04:00">July 18, 2014</time></a></span><span class="meta-author"> <svg class="icon icon-user" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#user"></use> </svg><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/author/bethmullen/" title="View all posts by Circulating Now" rel="author">Circulating Now</a></span></span><span class="meta-category"> <svg class="icon icon-category" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#category"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/archives-manuscripts/" rel="category tag">Archives &amp; Manuscripts</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/" rel="category tag">Collections</a></span><span class="meta-comments"> <svg class="icon icon-edit" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/themes/tortuga/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#edit"></use> </svg><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/18/invasion-from-mars-microbes/#comments">One comment</a></span></div>
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<p><em>By Gregory Pike</em></p>
<figure id="attachment_4612" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4612" style="width: 220px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/450x384_q75_nasa.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="4612" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/18/invasion-from-mars-microbes/450x384_q75_nasa/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/450x384_q75_nasa.jpg?fit=450%2C384&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="450,384" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-image-title="450x384_q75_NASA" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;This color picture of Mars was made from three frames shuttered nine seconds apart by the Viking 1 Orbiter&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy NASA&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/450x384_q75_nasa.jpg?fit=300%2C256&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/450x384_q75_nasa.jpg?fit=450%2C384&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-4612" title="MARS" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/450x384_q75_nasa.jpg?resize=220%2C188" alt="A 'half-moon' view of the rust-colored planet Mars." width="220" height="188" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-4612" class="wp-caption-text">Mars as seen by the Viking 1 Orbiter<br /><a title="NASA" href="http://www.dvidshub.net/image/700417/planet-mars-viking-orbiter-1#.U8lcD7FCjzB" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Courtesy NASA</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Since the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, it’s easy to forget there was a time when America&#8217;s space program dominated the headlines. Born in the “fires” of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, the U.S. space program became an exciting chapter in the race between the two superpowers. During the 1960s and 1970s, Americans were dazzled by stories of the program’s courageous astronauts and astonishing technological achievements. One of those achievements occurred almost 30 years ago this month when the lander portion of the unmanned Viking space probe Viking 1 touched down on the surface of the planet Mars on July 20th, 1976. It was the first time a U.S. spacecraft had landed on another planet. Together with the Viking 2 probe launched a month later, the Viking 1 remains part of the most ambitious and costly mission to explore the Red Planet. One of the scientists intimately involved in designing the scientific equipment aboard the probe that analyzed Martian soil samples was Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008), whose life and work are featured on the National Library of Medicine’s <a href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/BB/">Profiles in Science</a> site.</p>
<figure id="attachment_4608" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4608" style="width: 288px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrc_.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="4608" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/18/invasion-from-mars-microbes/bbbbrc_/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrc_.jpg?fit=1009%2C1200&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1009,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-image-title="BBBBRC_" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Joshua Lederberg at the Stanford University Medical School’s Instrumentation Research Lab, ca. 1963&lt;br /&gt;
Profiles in Science Joshua Lederberg Papers&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrc_.jpg?fit=252%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrc_.jpg?fit=840%2C999&amp;ssl=1" class=" wp-image-4608" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrc_.jpg?resize=288%2C343" alt="A man in a tie, holding papers, stands in front of a chart showing stages of a process that begins with Mars." width="288" height="343" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-4608" class="wp-caption-text">Joshua Lederberg at the Stanford University Medical School’s Instrumentation Research Lab, ca. 1963<br /><a title="NLM's Profiles in Science" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584906X12542">Profiles in Science Joshua Lederberg Papers</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Lederberg, a geneticist and microbiologist, who won the Nobel Prize in 1958 for his work in <a href="http://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/05/08/bacterial-sex-a-building-block-for-biotech/">bacterial genetics</a>, had been fascinated by the possibilities of using space probes for scientific experiments since the 1957 launch of the Soviet Union’s Sputnik probe. His fascination, though, was matched by his concerns that such a probe might inadvertently contaminate another planet, or worse, bring back a foreign organism that might contaminate Earth. Science fiction novelist Michael Crichton would explore this possibility in his book <em>The Andromeda Strain</em> (1961) and film adaptation (1971). Lederberg urged strict contamination protocols involving sterilization and quarantines—protocols that were adopted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) prior to its flight to the moon in 1969. Lederberg’s concerns were played out not just within the government but also in the public arena, thanks to his long-running “Science and Man” newspaper column in <em>The Washington Post</em> in the 1960s.</p>
<div style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 120px;"><a href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/BBABQT.pdf#xml=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/pdfhighlight?uid=BBABQT&amp;query=%28BBABQT%29"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="4616" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/18/invasion-from-mars-microbes/bbabqt/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbabqt.jpg?fit=932%2C1200&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="932,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-image-title="Can We Keep Mars Clean?_BBABQT" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbabqt.jpg?fit=233%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbabqt.jpg?fit=795%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" class="alignleft wp-image-4616 size-thumbnail" style="border: 2px solid #000000;" title="Can we Keep Mars Clean?" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbabqt.jpg?resize=116%2C150" alt="Washington Post Outlook Column" width="116" height="150" /></a><a title="NLM's Profiles in Science" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584906X1086">Lederberg, Joshua. “Can We Keep Mars Clean?” Washington Post, February 19, 1967.</a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 120px;"><a href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/BBABQS.pdf#xml=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/pdfhighlight?uid=BBABQS&amp;query=%28BBABQS%29"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="4617" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/18/invasion-from-mars-microbes/bbabqs/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbabqs.jpg?fit=929%2C1200&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="929,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-image-title="Our Neighbor Mars_BBABQS" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbabqs.jpg?fit=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbabqs.jpg?fit=793%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" class="alignleft wp-image-4617 size-thumbnail" style="border: 2px solid #000000;" title="OUr Neigbor Mars" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbabqs.jpg?resize=116%2C150" alt="Washington Post Outlook Column" width="116" height="150" /></a><a title="NLM's Profiles in Science" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584906X1085">Lederberg, Joshua. “Our Neighbor Mars.” Washington Post, February 12, 1967.</a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 120px;"><a href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/BBBABM.pdf#xml=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/pdfhighlight?uid=BBBABM&amp;query=%28BBBABM%29"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="4618" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/18/invasion-from-mars-microbes/bbbabm/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbabm.jpg?fit=937%2C1200&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="937,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-image-title="Invasion from Mars? Microbes!_BBBABM" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbabm.jpg?fit=234%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbabm.jpg?fit=800%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" class="alignleft wp-image-4618 size-thumbnail" style="border: 2px solid #000000;" title="Invasion from Mars? Microbes!" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbabm.jpg?resize=117%2C150" alt="Washington Post Column with photo of Lederberg" width="117" height="150" /></a><a title="NLM's Profiles in Science" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584906X12244">Lederberg, Joshua. “Invasion from Mars? Microbes!” Washington Post, March 20, 1960.</a></div>
<p>Lederberg’s keen interest on the exploration of life beyond the Earth (with all the necessary safety protocols in place) captured the public’s imagination, coined the new term “<a title="NLM's Profiles in Science" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/BB/p-nid/32">exobiology</a>” and catapulted biologists into this new scientific endeavor. He was instrumental in helping define the missions of the Mariner program (a precursor to Viking) that launched probes between 1964 and 1971 to orbit and study the atmospheres of Mars, Mercury, and Venus. As part of the Viking program, he directly participated in designing the scientific and engineering equipment that were to be placed aboard the Viking probes. Working in the Instrumentation Research Laboratory at Stanford University, Lederberg, along with engineer Elliott Levinthal, designed a device (originally called “The <a title="NLM's Profiles in Science" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584906X866">Multivator</a>”) that used a conveyor belt to scoop soil samples and deposited them into a mass spectrometer. The readings from the spectrometer ultimately could be analyzed by scientists for evidence of organic compounds.</p>
<figure id="attachment_4611" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4611" style="width: 650px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/vl1_p17428_nasa.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="4611" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/18/invasion-from-mars-microbes/converted-pnm-file/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/vl1_p17428_nasa.jpg?fit=1000%2C205&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1000,205" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;converted PNM file&quot;}" data-image-title="converted PNM file" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;The first panoramic image of Chryse Planitia taken by camera 1 on the Viking 1 Lander&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy NASA&lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/vl1_p17428_nasa.jpg?fit=300%2C62&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/vl1_p17428_nasa.jpg?fit=840%2C172&amp;ssl=1" class="size-large wp-image-4611" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/vl1_p17428_nasa.jpg?resize=650%2C133" alt="The rocky landscape of Mars with part of the Viking 1 lander in the foreground." width="650" height="133" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-4611" class="wp-caption-text">The first panoramleic image of Chryse Planitia taken by camera 1 on the Viking 1 Lander<br /><a title="NASA" href="http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/vl1_p17428.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Courtesy NASA</em></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Although the results of the Viking space probes proved inconclusive, the program demonstrated the usefulness of space probes and robotics for conducting scientific experiments. Despite this and the wealth of knowledge gained from Viking, NASA eventually shifted its emphasis in the late 1970s from unmanned scientific probes to manned ships like the Space Shuttle. Lederberg left NASA as a consultant in 1977.</p>
<figure id="attachment_4609" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-4609" style="width: 650px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrf_.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="4609" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/18/invasion-from-mars-microbes/bbbbrf_/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrf_.jpg?fit=1600%2C1280&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1600,1280" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}" data-image-title="BBBBRF_" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;The Viking 1 orbiter (which remained in Martian orbit after the lander detached) had its power shut down in 1980 after its altitude control fuel was depleted. The Viking 1 lander operated until November 1982 when contact was lost. &lt;/p&gt;
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrf_.jpg?fit=300%2C240&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrf_.jpg?fit=840%2C672&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-4609 size-large" title="Joshua Lederberg and a model of the Viking 1" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/bbbbrf_.jpg?resize=650%2C520" alt="Joshua Lederberg stands with models of the Viking 1 and it's rocket." width="650" height="520" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-4609" class="wp-caption-text">Lederberg with a model of the Viking 1 orbiter which remained in Martian orbit after the lander detached. The orbiter had its power shut down in 1980 after its altitude control fuel was depleted. The Viking 1 lander operated until November 1982 when contact was lost.<br /><a title="NLM's Profiles in Science" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584906X12544">Profiles in Science Joshua Lederberg Papers</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>We invite you to learn more about Joshua Lederberg and his role in the early space program on NLM’s <a title="NLM's Profiles in Science" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/BB/">Profiles in Science</a>.</p>
<p><em>Gregory Pike, MLS, is a Contract Digital Archivist for the Digital Manuscripts Program in the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine. He works for History Associates Inc.</em></p>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/drugs/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6200 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="drugs (24 items)">drugs</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/education/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1342 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="education (40 items)">education</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/epidemic/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-136219 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 15.84pt;" aria-label="epidemic (56 items)">epidemic</a>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/germany/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3550 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Germany (21 items)">Germany</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hidden-treasure/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1487506 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 13.226666666667pt;" aria-label="Hidden Treasure (41 items)">Hidden Treasure</a>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/interview/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-11788 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="interview (121 items)">interview</a>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12499 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="libraries (29 items)">libraries</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/manuscript/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-517998 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="manuscript (60 items)">manuscript</a>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/mental-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5004 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 10.8pt;" aria-label="mental health (30 items)">mental health</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/michael-e-debakey/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1753209 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 8.7466666666667pt;" aria-label="Michael E. DeBakey (23 items)">Michael E. DeBakey</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/military/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-488 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 18.266666666667pt;" aria-label="military (76 items)">military</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nih/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-631875 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8.3733333333333pt;" aria-label="NIH (22 items)">NIH</a>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nlmhisttalk/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5711 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 19.013333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM History Talks (85 items)">NLM History Talks</a>
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<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/photograph/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12074 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 12.293333333333pt;" aria-label="photograph (36 items)">photograph</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/physician/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541893 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="physician (29 items)">physician</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/plants/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15734 tag-link-position-46" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="plants (24 items)">plants</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/posters/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7195 tag-link-position-47" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="posters (35 items)">posters</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/profiles-in-science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5535849 tag-link-position-48" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Profiles in Science (26 items)">Profiles in Science</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/public-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-28006 tag-link-position-49" style="font-size: 19.946666666667pt;" aria-label="public health (95 items)">public health</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/race/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875950 tag-link-position-50" style="font-size: 11.733333333333pt;" aria-label="race (34 items)">race</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/rare-books/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-393736 tag-link-position-51" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Rare Books (26 items)">Rare Books</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/recent-acquisitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2971278 tag-link-position-52" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="Recent Acquisitions (51 items)">Recent Acquisitions</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-668 tag-link-position-53" style="font-size: 20.693333333333pt;" aria-label="research (104 items)">research</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgeon-general/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-385674 tag-link-position-54" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="Surgeon General (24 items)">Surgeon General</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgery/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-57544 tag-link-position-55" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="surgery (21 items)">surgery</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/traveling-exhibitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6044794 tag-link-position-56" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="traveling exhibitions (26 items)">traveling exhibitions</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/web-collecting/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-238214791 tag-link-position-57" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="web collecting (21 items)">web collecting</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/womens-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-97077 tag-link-position-58" style="font-size: 17.146666666667pt;" aria-label="Women&#039;s History (66 items)">Women&#039;s History</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-i/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-110820 tag-link-position-59" style="font-size: 14.906666666667pt;" aria-label="World War I (50 items)">World War I</a>
<a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-ii/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-62291 tag-link-position-60" style="font-size: 13.6pt;" aria-label="World War II (43 items)">World War II</a></div>
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<option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/09/'> September 2015 </option>
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// Check addComment._Jetpack_moveForm to make sure we don't monkey-patch twice.
if ( 'undefined' !== typeof addComment && ! addComment._Jetpack_moveForm ) {
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