83 lines
64 KiB
HTML
83 lines
64 KiB
HTML
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/*# sourceURL=/css/ampshared.css*/</style><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:title" content="How To…Prevent the Bubonic Plague"><meta property="og:url" content="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/07/16/how-to-prevent-the-bubonic-plague-2/"><meta property="og:description" content="This roughly-printed small pamphlet documents a big catastrophe: an outbreak of bubonic plague in British Colonial India in 1897."><meta property="article:published_time" content="2013-07-16T15:00:07+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2021-07-23T17:27:40+00:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections"><meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C399&ssl=1"><meta property="og:image:width" content="900"><meta property="og:image:height" content="399"><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Cover of The 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/*# sourceURL=amp-custom.css */</style><link rel="canonical" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/07/16/how-to-prevent-the-bubonic-plague-2/"><title>How To…Prevent the Bubonic Plague – Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</title><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/circulating-nih-logo-v3.png?fit=232%2C60\u0026ssl=1"}},"@type":"BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/07/16/how-to-prevent-the-bubonic-plague-2/","headline":"How To\u0026#8230;Prevent the Bubonic Plague","datePublished":"2013-07-16T11:00:07-04:00","dateModified":"2021-07-23T13:27:40-04:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Circulating Now"},"image":"https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C399\u0026ssl=1"}</script></head>
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<h1 class="amp-wp-title">How To…Prevent the Bubonic Plague</h1>
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12 years ago </time>
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<amp-img width="840" height="372" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?fit=840%2C372&ssl=1" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" alt="Cover of The Bubonic Plague and how to prevent it pamphlet" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?w=900&ssl=1 900w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?resize=300%2C133&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?resize=768%2C340&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?resize=840%2C372&ssl=1 840w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" data-hero-candidate="" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" data-hero i-amphtml-ssr i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjM3MiIgd2lkdGg9Ijg0MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><img class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-amphtml-replaced-content" decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Cover of The Bubonic Plague and how to prevent it pamphlet" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?fit=840%2C372&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?w=900&ssl=1 900w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?resize=300%2C133&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?resize=768%2C340&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/101214745-Bubonic-Plague_feature.jpg?resize=840%2C372&ssl=1 840w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px"></amp-img> </figure>
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<p><em>By Michael Sappol ~<br>
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</em></p>
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<h3>The Bubonic Plague and How to Prevent It, 1897</h3>
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<figure id="attachment_896" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-896" class="wp-caption alignleft amp-wp-cbcb5c2" data-amp-original-style="width: 253px"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/nlm-101214745-bubonic-plague-title.jpg"><amp-img class="size-medium wp-image-896 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/nlm-101214745-bubonic-plague-title.jpg?resize=253%2C300" alt="the cover of the pamphlet " width="253" height="300" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjMwMCIgd2lkdGg9IjI1MyIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/nlm-101214745-bubonic-plague-title.jpg?resize=253%2C300" alt="the cover of the pamphlet " width="253" height="300"></noscript></amp-img></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-896" class="wp-caption-text"><em>The Bubonic Plague and How to Prevent It</em> (Lahore, British Colonial India, 1897).<br><a title="Catalog record" href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma9912147453406676" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>National Library of Medicine</em> #101214745</a></figcaption></figure>
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<p>This roughly-printed small pamphlet (4¼” x 5½”; 30 pages) documents a big catastrophe: an outbreak of bubonic plague in British Colonial India. The disease came to Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1897 and swept through the city at a terrible pace. At the height of the epidemic, 1,900 people were dying every week, in a population of 820,000. From Bombay the plague spread in several directions, establishing another center in the city of Karachi and the provinces of Sind and Punjab, in present-day Pakistan.</p>
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<p>Published in Urdu and English, the pamphlet, “seventy thousand copies of which [were] distributed gratis among the people in plague stricken districts of the Punjab by H. Muhammad Sharif,” was part of an effort to educate the public about the nature of the disease, its symptoms and mode of infection, history, and methods of containment. Germ theory was then very new. Author H. Calvert, “Officiating Deputy Commissioner,” took particular pains to explain that the plague is not caused by the “Fates” or “gods…angry and…hurling dire calamities on earth” but by germs that can be seen under a microscope and distinguished “by observation and experiment” from other microbial organisms. “Infuse these germs by means of a syringe into the body of an animal and you will at once percieve [sic] symptoms of epidimic [sic] disease….”</p>
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<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/nlm-101214745-bubonic-plague-dedication.jpg"><amp-img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-897 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/nlm-101214745-bubonic-plague-dedication.jpg?resize=300%2C229" alt="pamplet open to the dedication page" width="300" height="229" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjIyOSIgd2lkdGg9IjMwMCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/nlm-101214745-bubonic-plague-dedication.jpg?resize=300%2C229" alt="pamplet open to the dedication page" width="300" height="229"></noscript></amp-img></a>In any event, microbiology was in its infancy—Alexandre Yersin and Shibasaburo Kitasatō had only identified the bacterial organism that caused bubonic plague in 1894—and colonial administrators had few good weapons to fight the disease in India’s overcrowded cities. Their strategy, outlined in the pamphlet, was to mobilize the public, organized by religion, caste and tribe, and try every conceivable tactic: a bounty on mice and rats, exhortations to refrain from touching the sick and the dead, whitewashing and disinfecting buildings (with toxic chemicals and “disinfectant powders at hand”), “inoculation” and “prophylactic serum” (although no effective serum then existed and inoculation did not work), barriers to keep people from moving to or from infected areas, the erection of temporary hospitals, closing public latrines, and sanitary provisions to isolate, cremate or bury the dead.</p>
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<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/nlm-101214745-bubonic-plague-what-is1.jpg"><amp-img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-901 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/nlm-101214745-bubonic-plague-what-is1.jpg?resize=650%2C449" alt="pamphlet open to section headings What is Bubonic Plague and Its History" width="650" height="449" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ0OSIgd2lkdGg9IjY1MCIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/nlm-101214745-bubonic-plague-what-is1.jpg?resize=650%2C449" alt="pamphlet open to section headings What is Bubonic Plague and Its History" width="650" height="449"></noscript></amp-img></a>There is no way to know how many lives were saved by these measures, but the overall effort was woefully inadequate. By 1899, cases of bubonic plague had been recorded as far away as Madras in southern India and over 250,000 people had perished in India alone. Even then the plague was not finished. In 1899 it crossed the Pacific Ocean from Hong Kong to Honolulu and appeared the following year in San Francisco’s Chinatown.</p>
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<p><em>Read other How To… features from the NLM Collections <a title="How To...from the collections of the National Library of Medicine" href="http://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/how-to/">here</a>.</em></p>
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<p><em><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/mike-in-chicago_final.jpg"><amp-img class="alignleft wp-image-548 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/mike-in-chicago_final.jpg?resize=78%2C105" alt="profile portrait of Michael Sappol in Chicago" width="78" height="105" layout="intrinsic" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwNSIgd2lkdGg9Ijc4IiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIvPg=="></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/mike-in-chicago_final.jpg?resize=78%2C105" alt="profile portrait of Michael Sappol in Chicago" width="78" height="105"></noscript></amp-img></a>Michael Sappol is a historian in the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine.</em></p>
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