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<title>The National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project</title>
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<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" title="The Dublin Core metadata Element Set" />
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="The National Library of Medicines Visible Human Project" />
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<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="U.S. National Library of Medicine" />
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<meta name="DC.Date.Issued" content="2003-09-11" />
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<meta name="DC.Date.Modified" content="2023-12-26" />
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<meta name="NLMDC.Date.LastReviewed" content="2023-12-26" />
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<meta name="DC.Language" content="eng" />
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<meta name="description" content="The Visible Human Project is the creation of anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies. Transverse CT, MR and cryosection images have been collected." />
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<meta name="keywords" content="Human Anatomy, Anatomy, Imaging, Graphics, MRI, CT Scan, Cryosection, Cadaver, Virtual Reality, Computer Simulation, Visible Human Project, Visible Male, Visible Female, Virtual Male, Virtual Female, Visible Man, Visible Woman, Human Body, VHP, VHD, Human Data Set, Human Dataset, Joseph Paul Jernigan" />
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<h4 class="margin-bottom-0"> Visible Human Project</h4>
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<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/applications.html">Applications</a>
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<h1>The Visible Human Project</h1>
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<h3>Overview</h3>
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<p>The NLM Visible Human Project has created publicly-available complete, anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of a human male body and a human female body. Specifically, the VHP provides a public-domain library of cross-sectional cryosection, CT, and MRI images obtained from one male cadaver and one female cadaver. The Visible Man data set was publicly released in 1994 and the Visible Woman in 1995.</p>
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<p>The data sets were designed to serve as (1) a reference for the study of human anatomy, (2) public-domain data for testing medical imaging algorithms, and (3) a test bed and model for the construction of network-accessible image libraries. The VHP data sets have been applied to a wide range of educational, diagnostic, treatment planning, virtual reality, artistic, mathematical, and industrial uses. About 4,000 licensees from 66 countries were authorized to access the datasets. As of 2019, a license is no longer required to access the VHP datasets.</p>
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<p>Download the VHP image data from <a href="https://datadiscovery.nlm.nih.gov/Images/Visible-Human-Project/ux2j-9i9a/about_data">https://datadiscovery.nlm.nih.gov/Images/Visible-Human-Project/ux2j-9i9a/about_data</a> (If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste the URL into your browser.) <sup>1</sup></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/getting_data.html">View sample images from the dataset</a></p>
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<p>NLM thanks the man and the woman who each willed their body to science, thereby enabling this project.</p>
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<p>The VHP data sets were created under contract to NLM by the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (primary) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research.</p>
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<p><strong>Origin, Goals,</strong> <strong>and Usage</strong></p>
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<p>The Visible Human Project<sup>®</sup> is an outgrowth of the NLM 1986 Long-Range Plan, which foresaw a future in which NLM “bibliographic and factual database services would be complemented by libraries of digital images, distributed over high speed computer networks and by high capacity physical media.”</p>
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<p>The 1998 NLM Board of Regents report affirmed “the long-term goal of the Visible Human Project, which is to produce a system of knowledge structures that will transparently link visual knowledge forms to symbolic knowledge formats such as the names of body parts.” The report continued: “NLM support of research on image data sets and tools that offer the potential of generating new biomedical knowledge, and the means to develop and use such knowledge, in collaboration with U.S. and international research partners, is a valuable contribution to international health efforts. Such research should emphasize the tools, technologies, and technical standards for creating, managing, and accessing the large-scale image data sets like those being developed by the Visible Human Project.”</p>
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<p>According to that report, by 1998 the Visible Human data sets had “been licensed for use worldwide by some 1000 research, academic, and industrial groups in 28 countries. The images are being used for teaching, modeling radiation absorption and therapy, equipment design, surgical simulation, and simulation of diagnostic procedures, ….”</p>
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<p><strong>Visible Human Male</strong></p>
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<p>The Visible Human Male data set consists of MRI, CT, and anatomical images. Axial MRI images of the head and neck, and longitudinal sections of the rest of the body were obtained at 4mm intervals. The MRI images are 256 by 256 pixel resolution with each pixel made up of 12 bits of gray tone. The CT data consist of axial CT scans of the entire body taken at 1mm intervals at a pixel resolution of 512 by 512 with each pixel made up of 12 bits of gray tone. The approximately 7.5 megabyte axial anatomical images are 2048 pixels by 1216 pixels, with each pixel being .33mm in size, and defined by 24 bits of color. The anatomical cross-sections are at 1mm intervals to coincide with the CT images. There are 1,871 cross-sections for both CT and anatomical images. The complete male data set is approximately 15 gigabytes.</p>
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<p>Higher resolution axial anatomical images of the male data set were made available in August 2000. Seventy-millimeter still photographs taken during the cryosectioning procedure were digitized at a pixel resolution of 4096 pixels by 2700 pixels. These images, each approximately 32 megabytes in size, are available for all 1,871 male color cryosections.</p>
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<p><strong>Visible Human Female</strong></p>
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<p>The Visible Human Female data set has the same characteristics as the Visible Human Male. However, the axial anatomical images were obtained at 0.33 mm intervals. Spacing in the “Z” dimension was reduced to 0.33mm in order to match the 0.33mm pixel sizing in the “X-Y” plane. As a result, developers interested in three-dimensional reconstructions are able to work with cubic voxels. There are 5,189 anatomical images in the Visible Human Female data set. The data set size is approximately 40 gigabytes.</p>
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<p><strong>Historical Information</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/data2knowledge.html">The Visible Human Project: From Data to Knowledge</a> – four NLM-funded VHP research projects</li>
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<li><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_gallery.html">VHP gallery: a sample of images and animations from the VHP datasets</a></li>
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||
<li>National Library of Medicine (NLM) / Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) / Office of High Performance Computing and Communications (OHPCC) <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7867/20190423145744/https:/lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/project/visible-human-project">archived project page</a>. <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://wayback.archive-it.org/7867/20190423145744/https:/lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/project/visible-human-project</strong></em></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><strong>VHP Conference Proceedings</strong></p>
|
||
<p>The following Visible Human Project conferences were held at the William H. Natcher Conference Center on the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204214327/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20120612/research/visible/vhp_conf/vhpconf.htm">The Visible Human Project Conference</a>, 1996 <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204214327/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20120612/research/visible/vhp_conf/vhpconf.htm</strong></em><br /><br /></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204212101/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20061024/research/visible/vhpconf98/MAIN.html">The Second Visible Human Project Conference</a>, 1998 <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204212101/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20061024/research/visible/vhpconf98/MAIN.html</strong></em><br /><br /></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204210656/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20120702/research/visible/vhpconf2000/MAIN.HTM">The Third Visible Human Project Conference</a>, 2000 <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204210656/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20120702/research/visible/vhpconf2000/MAIN.HTM</strong></em><br /><br /></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218090250/http:/www.uchsc.edu/sm/chs/events/vh_conf/introduction.htm">The Fourth Visible Human Project Conference</a>, 2002 (Link to an archived version of this site available on the Internet Archive) <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://web.archive.org/web/20090218090250/http:/www.uchsc.edu/sm/chs/events/vh_conf/introduction.htm</strong></em><br /><br /></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><strong>Publications</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117060456/http://www.vhjoe.org/">VHJOE: Visible Human Journal of Endoscopy</a>. (Link to an archived version of this site available on the Internet Archive) <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://web.archive.org/web/20090117060456/http://www.vhjoe.org/</strong></em><br /><br /></li>
|
||
<li>NLM's Current Bibliographies in Medicine, Visible Human Project<sup>®</sup> <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20170404145711/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/visible_human_2014.html">(CBM 2013-4 to 2014-5)</a>: 39 citations from April 2013 through May 2014 <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20170404145711/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/visible_human_2014.html</strong></em><br /><br /></li>
|
||
<li>NLM's Current Bibliographies in Medicine, Visible Human Project<sup>®</sup> <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20170404145702/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/visible_human_2013.html">(CBM 2010-3 to 2013-3)</a>: 75 citations from March 2010 through March 2013 <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20170404145702/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/visible_human_2013.html</strong></em><br /><br /></li>
|
||
<li>NLM's Current Bibliographies in Medicine, Visible Human Project<sup>®</sup> <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204211615/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20120907/pubs/cbm/visible_human_2010.html">(CBM 2009-6 to 2010-3)</a>: 33 citations from June 2009 through March 2010 <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204211615/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20120907/pubs/cbm/visible_human_2010.html</strong></em><br /><br /></li>
|
||
<li>NLM's Current Bibliographies in Medicine, Visible Human Project<sup>®</sup> <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204213420/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20120907/pubs/cbm/visible_human_2009.html">(CBM 2007-4 to 2009-5)</a>: 38 citations from April 2007 through May 2009 <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204213420/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20120907/pubs/cbm/visible_human_2009.html</strong></em><br /><br /></li>
|
||
<li>NLM's Current Bibliographies in Medicine, Visible Human Project<sup>®</sup><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204211451/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20120907/pubs/cbm/visible_human_2007.html">(CBM 2007-1)</a>: 912 citations from January 1987 - March 2007 <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong>https://wayback.archive-it.org/5215/20150204211451/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20120907/pubs/cbm/visible_human_2007.html</strong></em><br /><br /></li>
|
||
<li>Banvard, Richard A., The Visible Human Project<sup>® </sup>Image Data Set From Inception to Completion and Beyond, Proceedings CODATA 2002: Frontiers of Scientific and Technical Data, Track I-D-2: Medical and Health Data, Montréal, Canada, October, 2002.</li>
|
||
<li><a href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october95/10ackerman.html">D-Lib magazine article</a> entitled "Accessing the Visible Human Project<sup>®</sup>" by Michael J. Ackerman, Ph.D. <em>If you’re looking at an archived version of this page and the hyperlink to the left doesn't work, copy and paste this URL into your browser <strong><a href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october95/10ackerman.html">http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october95/10ackerman.html</a></strong></em></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><sup>1 </sup>If you’re looking at an archived version of https://datadiscovery.nlm.nih.gov/Images/Visible-Human-Project/ux2j-9i9a/about_data, copy and paste these URLs into your browser if the hyperlinks from "Download the VHP image data from the dataset" don't work:<br />* VHP Male Data : <strong>https://data.lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/public/Visible-Human/Male-Images/index.html</strong> <br />* VHP Female Data : <strong>https://data.lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/public/Visible-Human/Female-Images/index.html</strong><br />* Additional Head Images : <strong>https://data.lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/public/Visible-Human/Additional-Head-Images/index.html</strong><br />* Sample Data : <strong>https://data.lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/public/Visible-Human/Sample-Data/index.html</strong></p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class=”margin-top-5”><small>Last Reviewed: December 26, 2023</small></p>
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