561 lines
29 KiB
HTML
561 lines
29 KiB
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1. About Health Statistics
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</a>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-000.html">Overview</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-100.html">Correlates</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-200.html">Conditions</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-300.html">Care</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-400.html">Costs</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-500.html">Correlates, Conditions, Care, and Costs</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-600.html">Knowledge Check</a></li>
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href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" id="navbarDropdown-2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true">
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2. Common Terms and Equations
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu show" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-2">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-000.html">Overview</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-100.html">Sampling</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-200.html">Dependent and Independent Variables</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-300.html">Correlation</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-400.html">Causation</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-500.html">Validity</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-600.html">Age-Adjustment</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-700.html">Hypotheses</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-800.html">Distribution</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-900.html">Standard Deviation</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-910.html">z-score</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-920.html">t-test</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-930.html">Significance Level</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-940.html">p-value</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item active" href="02-950.html">Confidence Intervals</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-960.html">Incorporation into Health Subjects</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-970.html">Knowledge Check</a></li>
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</li>
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href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" id="navbarDropdown-3" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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3. Health Data Sources
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-3">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-000.html">Overview</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-100.html">Surveys</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-200.html">Medical Records</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-300.html">Claims Data</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-400.html">Vital Records</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-500.html">Surveillance</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-600.html">(Other) Grey Literature</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-700.html">Peer-Reviewed Literature</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-800.html">Knowledge Check</a></li>
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href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" id="navbarDropdown-4" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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4. Finding Health Statistics Exercises
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</a>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-000.html">Overview</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-100.html">National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-200.html">World Health Organization (WHO)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-300.html">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-400.html">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-500.html">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: County Health Rankings & Roadmaps</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-600.html">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-700.html">Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-800.html">United States Census Bureau</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-900.html">HealthData.gov</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-910.html">Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care (DAHC)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-920.html">Academic Journal Databases</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-930.html">Search Engines</a></li>
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<a class="nav-link" href="05-000.html">Closing</a>
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<a class="nav-link" href="nav.html">How to Navigate This Course</a>
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<strong>Finding and Using Health Statistics</strong>
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<a href="https://learn.nlm.nih.gov/" id="anch_30" target="_blank">Learning Resources</a>
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<a class="nav-link" href="index.html">Course Home</a>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-1">1. About Health Statistics</a>
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<div id="collapse-item-1" class="collapse">
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<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-000.html">Overview</a>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-100.html">Correlates</a>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-200.html">Conditions</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-300.html">Care</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-400.html">Costs</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-500.html">Correlates, Conditions, Care, and Costs</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-600.html">Knowledge Check</a>
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-2">2. Common Terms and Equations</a>
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<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-000.html">Overview</a>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-100.html">Sampling</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-200.html">Dependent and Independent Variables</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-300.html">Correlation</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-400.html">Causation</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-500.html">Validity</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-600.html">Age-Adjustment</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-700.html">Hypotheses</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-800.html">Distribution</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-900.html">Standard Deviation</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-910.html">z-score</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-920.html">t-test</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-930.html">Significance Level</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-940.html">p-value</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link active" href="02-950.html">Confidence Intervals</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-960.html">Incorporation into Health Subjects</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-970.html">Knowledge Check</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-3">3. Health Data Sources</a>
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<div id="collapse-item-3" class="collapse">
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<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="03-000.html">Overview</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="03-100.html">Surveys</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="03-200.html">Medical Records</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="03-300.html">Claims Data</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="03-400.html">Vital Records</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="03-500.html">Surveillance</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="03-600.html">(Other) Grey Literature</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="03-700.html">Peer-Reviewed Literature</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="03-800.html">Knowledge Check</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-4">4. Finding Health Statistics Exercises</a>
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<div id="collapse-item-4" class="collapse">
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<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-000.html">Overview</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-100.html">National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-200.html">World Health Organization (WHO)</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-300.html">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-400.html">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-500.html">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: County Health Rankings & Roadmaps</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-600.html">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-700.html">Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF)</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-800.html">United States Census Bureau</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-900.html">HealthData.gov</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-910.html">Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care (DAHC)</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-920.html">Academic Journal Databases</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="04-930.html">Search Engines</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<a class="nav-link" href="05-000.html">Closing</a>
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<a class="nav-link" href="06-000.html">Glossary</a>
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#navModal">How to Navigate This Course</a>
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There are a variety of ways you can navigate this course. You can:</p>
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<h2>2. Common Terms and Equations
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<p><strong>Confidence intervals</strong> are frequently reported in scientific literature and indicate the consistency, or variability of the result. The confidence interval uses the sample to estimate the interval of probable values of the population. The confidence interval shows the range of values you expect the true estimate to fall between if you redo the study many times. Confidence intervals can provide important information to statistical significance of studies especially when a p-value is borderline (i.e., it is equal to the critical p-value). If the null value (the value that indicates no difference and is usually zero or one) is included in the confidence interval, then the result is not statistically significant.</p>
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<p>If a study has 95% confidence interval calculated, then this means that if the study was repeated multiple times with samples from the whole population and the confidence intervals were calculated for each of those repeated studies, then the true value would lie within the calculated confidence intervals 95% of the time. For example, the true value for a whole population is 50. If a study is repeated multiple times with samples drawn from the whole population, the calculated confidence intervals of each repeated study may be slightly different such as 47-53, 48-54, 49-51, etc. However, the true value (50) would be contained within 95% of the calculated confidence intervals.</p>
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<h4>Reliability</h4>
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<p>Similarly, <strong>reliability</strong> refers to the consistency of the measurement, or the ability to repeat the measurement and obtain the same result.</p>
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<p>For example, if a scale is used to measure the weight of a cup at multiple times, the scale would be considered reliable if the weight is the same at each measurement, and the scale would be less reliable if it produced different results when measuring the same weight. Poor reliability of an instrument can impact study results.</p>
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