1030 lines
52 KiB
HTML
1030 lines
52 KiB
HTML
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<title>Finding and Using Health Statistics</title>
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<body>
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<ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto d-xs-flex d-sm-flex d-md-none d-lg-none d-xl-none" style="overflow-y: auto; height: calc(100vh - 68px); border-top: 0px solid #dee2e6;">
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href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" id="navbarDropdown-1" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true">
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1. About Health Statistics
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu show" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-1">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-000.html">Overview</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-100.html">Correlates</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-200.html">Conditions</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-300.html">Care</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-400.html">Costs</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-500.html">Correlates, Conditions, Care, and Costs</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item active" href="01-600.html">Knowledge Check</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item dropdown">
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<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle"
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href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" id="navbarDropdown-2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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2. Common Terms and Equations
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-2">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-000.html">Overview</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-100.html">Sampling</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-200.html">Dependent and Independent Variables</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-300.html">Correlation</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-400.html">Causation</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-500.html">Validity</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-600.html">Age-Adjustment</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-700.html">Hypotheses</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-800.html">Distribution</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-900.html">Standard Deviation</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-910.html">z-score</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-920.html">t-test</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-930.html">Significance Level</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-940.html">p-value</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-950.html">Confidence Intervals</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-960.html">Incorporation into Health Subjects</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-970.html">Knowledge Check</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item dropdown">
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<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle"
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href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" id="navbarDropdown-3" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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3. Health Data Sources
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-3">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-000.html">Overview</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-100.html">Surveys</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-200.html">Medical Records</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-300.html">Claims Data</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-400.html">Vital Records</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-500.html">Surveillance</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-600.html">(Other) Grey Literature</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-700.html">Peer-Reviewed Literature</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-800.html">Knowledge Check</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item dropdown">
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<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle"
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href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" id="navbarDropdown-4" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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4. Finding Health Statistics Exercises
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-3">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-000.html">Overview</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-100.html">National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-200.html">World Health Organization (WHO)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-300.html">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-400.html">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-500.html">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: County Health Rankings & Roadmaps</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-600.html">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-700.html">Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-800.html">United States Census Bureau</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-900.html">HealthData.gov</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-910.html">Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care (DAHC)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-920.html">Academic Journal Databases</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-930.html">Search Engines</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="05-000.html">Closing</a>
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</li>
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<li><div class="dropdown-divider"></div></li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="06-000.html">Glossary</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="nav.html">How to Navigate This Course</a>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</div>
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<!-- HEADER/BANNER -->
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<div class="row">
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<header class="bg-secondary p-3 truncate shadow" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;">
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<strong>Finding and Using Health Statistics</strong>
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</header>
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</div>
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<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/training.html" id="anch_29" target="_blank">Training & Outreach</a>
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<li class="breadcrumb-item">
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<a href="https://learn.nlm.nih.gov/" id="anch_30" target="_blank">Learning Resources</a>
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<div class="row ms-1">
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<div class="col col-md-4 col-xl-3 d-none d-md-block p-0">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="index.html">Course Home</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-1">1. About Health Statistics</a>
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<div id="collapse-item-1" class="collapse show">
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<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-000.html">Overview</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-100.html">Correlates</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-200.html">Conditions</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-300.html">Care</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-400.html">Costs</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-500.html">Correlates, Conditions, Care, and Costs</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link active" href="01-600.html">Knowledge Check</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</li>
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||
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<li class="nav-item">
|
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-2">2. Common Terms and Equations</a>
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<div id="collapse-item-2" class="collapse">
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<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-000.html">Overview</a>
|
||
</li>
|
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<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-100.html">Sampling</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-200.html">Dependent and Independent Variables</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-300.html">Correlation</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-400.html">Causation</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-500.html">Validity</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-600.html">Age-Adjustment</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-700.html">Hypotheses</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-800.html">Distribution</a>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-900.html">Standard Deviation</a>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-910.html">z-score</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-920.html">t-test</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-930.html">Significance Level</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-940.html">p-value</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-950.html">Confidence Intervals</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-960.html">Incorporation into Health Subjects</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-970.html">Knowledge Check</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
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</div>
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||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-3">3. Health Data Sources</a>
|
||
<div id="collapse-item-3" class="collapse">
|
||
<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-000.html">Overview</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-100.html">Surveys</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-200.html">Medical Records</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-300.html">Claims Data</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-400.html">Vital Records</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-500.html">Surveillance</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-600.html">(Other) Grey Literature</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-700.html">Peer-Reviewed Literature</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-800.html">Knowledge Check</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-4">4. Finding Health Statistics Exercises</a>
|
||
<div id="collapse-item-4" class="collapse">
|
||
<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-000.html">Overview</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-100.html">National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-200.html">World Health Organization (WHO)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-300.html">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-400.html">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-500.html">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: County Health Rankings & Roadmaps</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-600.html">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-700.html">Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-800.html">United States Census Bureau</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-900.html">HealthData.gov</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-910.html">Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care (DAHC)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-920.html">Academic Journal Databases</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-930.html">Search Engines</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
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</li>
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|
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="05-000.html">Closing</a>
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</li>
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<li style="height: auto; line-height: 0;"><hr></li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="06-000.html">Glossary</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#navModal">How to Navigate This Course</a>
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There are a variety of ways you can navigate this course. You can:</p>
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|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- / LEFT COL - NAV SIDE -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- RIGHT COL -->
|
||
<div class="col col-md-8 col-xl-9 p-0 px-3">
|
||
|
||
<!-- MAIN CONTENT AREA -->
|
||
<div class="row justify-content-center">
|
||
<div class="container-fluid">
|
||
|
||
<!-- MAIN CONTENT - SINGLE COL -->
|
||
<div class="col col-12">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Section -->
|
||
<section id="item-1" class="row"><!-- Do not include class pt-3 on first section -->
|
||
<div class="col-lg-12">
|
||
<div class="px-2 mb-5 bg-default">
|
||
<!-- Header -->
|
||
<h2>1. About Health Statistics
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<h3>Knowledge Check</h3>
|
||
<br>
|
||
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
|
||
<h4><i class="fas fa-user-edit"></i> Exercises</h4>
|
||
|
||
<div>
|
||
<p>Now it’s time to see what you learned! You can check your answers to each question by clicking the Show Answer button, and then move on to the next section.</p>
|
||
|
||
<div class="card shadow-sm">
|
||
<div class="card-body">
|
||
|
||
<ol class="pubmed-numbers p-l-0">
|
||
<li><strong>In 2023, 23.5 percent of adults in the U.S. engaged in binge drinking in the past month.<sup><a href="#fn1" id="anch_01">1</a></sup> What category of health information is this?</strong></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ1" id="flexRadioDefault1a">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault1a">
|
||
a) Health Correlates
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ1" id="flexRadioDefault1b">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault1b">
|
||
b) Health Conditions
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ1" id="flexRadioDefault1c">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault1c">
|
||
c) Health Care
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ1" id="flexRadioDefault1d">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault1d">
|
||
d) Health Costs
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Button trigger modal -->
|
||
<div class="text-center">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#Exercise1Modal">
|
||
Show Answer
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Modal -->
|
||
<div class="modal fade" id="Exercise1Modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Exercise1ModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
|
||
<div class="modal-content">
|
||
<div class="modal-header">
|
||
<h5 class="modal-title" id="Exercise1ModalLabel">Answer</h5>
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-body">
|
||
<p><strong>a) Health Correlates.</strong> Health correlates measure health risk factors, like drinking alcohol.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-footer">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<br>
|
||
|
||
<div class="card shadow-sm">
|
||
<div class="card-body">
|
||
|
||
<ol class="pubmed-numbers p-l-0" style="counter-reset: my-counter 1">
|
||
<li><strong>In 2021, there was one primary care physician per 1,240 people in New York.<sup><a href="#fn2" id="anch_02">2</a></sup> What category of health information is this?</strong></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ2" id="flexRadioDefault2a">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault2a">
|
||
a) Health Correlates
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ2" id="flexRadioDefault2b">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault2b">
|
||
b) Health Conditions
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ2" id="flexRadioDefault2c">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault2c">
|
||
c) Health Care
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ2" id="flexRadioDefault2d">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault2d">
|
||
d) Health Costs
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Button trigger modal -->
|
||
<div class="text-center">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#Exercise2Modal">
|
||
Show Answer
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Modal -->
|
||
<div class="modal fade" id="Exercise2Modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Exercise2ModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
|
||
<div class="modal-content">
|
||
<div class="modal-header">
|
||
<h5 class="modal-title" id="Exercise2ModalLabel">Answer</h5>
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-body">
|
||
<p><strong>c) Health Care.</strong> Health care statistics include data on providers like primary care physicians.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-footer">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<br>
|
||
<div class="card shadow-sm">
|
||
<div class="card-body">
|
||
|
||
<ol class="pubmed-numbers p-l-0" style="counter-reset: my-counter 2">
|
||
<li><strong>The mortality rate for Alzheimer’s Disease was 36.0 per 100,000 people in 2021.<sup><a href="#fn3" id="anch_03">3</a></sup> What category of health information is this?</strong></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ3" id="flexRadioDefault3a">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault3a">
|
||
a) Health Correlates
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ3" id="flexRadioDefault3b">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault3b">
|
||
b) Health Conditions
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ3" id="flexRadioDefault3c">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault3c">
|
||
c) Health Care
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ3" id="flexRadioDefault3d">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault3d">
|
||
d) Health Costs
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Button trigger modal -->
|
||
<div class="text-center">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#Exercise3Modal">
|
||
Show Answer
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Modal -->
|
||
<div class="modal fade" id="Exercise3Modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Exercise3ModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
|
||
<div class="modal-content">
|
||
<div class="modal-header">
|
||
<h5 class="modal-title" id="Exercise3ModalLabel">Answer</h5>
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-body">
|
||
<p><strong>b) Health Conditions.</strong> Health conditions are measurements of the prevalence and incidence of a disease.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-footer">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<div class="card shadow-sm">
|
||
<div class="card-body">
|
||
|
||
<ol class="pubmed-numbers p-l-0" style="counter-reset: my-counter 3">
|
||
<li><strong>The data presented in this graph of the contribution to change in total national health expenditures from 2019–2020<sup><a href="#fn4" id="anch_04">4</a></sup>, falls under the category of:</strong></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<br>
|
||
<h4 class="text-center">Contribution to change in total national health expenditures, from 2019-2020, by spending category</h4>
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-md-8 mx-auto text-center">
|
||
<div class="graphic">
|
||
<a href="img/Change-in-Expend.png" target="_blank"><img class="img-fluid" src="img/Change-in-Expend.png" alt="Bar chart with spending category in the Y-axis and percentages in the x-axis. The chart shows that Federal and state/local public health was the most at 32.5% and Research, structure, and equipment was the lowest at -0.6%"></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<br>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<br>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ4" id="flexRadioDefault4a">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault4a">
|
||
a) Health Correlates
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ4" id="flexRadioDefault4b">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault4b">
|
||
b) Health Conditions
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ4" id="flexRadioDefault4c">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault4c">
|
||
c) Health Care
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ4" id="flexRadioDefault4d">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault4d">
|
||
d) Health Costs
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Button trigger modal -->
|
||
<div class="text-center">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#Exercise4Modal">
|
||
Show Answer
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Modal -->
|
||
<div class="modal fade" id="Exercise4Modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Exercise4ModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
|
||
<div class="modal-content">
|
||
<div class="modal-header">
|
||
<h5 class="modal-title" id="Exercise4ModalLabel">Answer</h5>
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-body">
|
||
<p><strong>d) Health Costs.</strong> Health costs are measurements of the price of drugs, care, and other qualitative and quantitative costs.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-footer">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<p><em>For questions 5-7, calculate prevalence risk, incidence risk, or mortality rate per 100,000 people or as a percentage.</em></p>
|
||
|
||
<div class="card shadow-sm">
|
||
<div class="card-body">
|
||
|
||
<ol class="pubmed-numbers p-l-0" style="counter-reset: my-counter 4">
|
||
<li><strong>In a population of 500,000 people, 18,000 were diagnosed with diabetes during a period of one year. What is the period prevalence of diabetes per 100,000 people for a year?</strong></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<br>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ5" id="flexRadioDefault5a">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault5a">
|
||
a) .036 per 100,000 people
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ5" id="flexRadioDefault5b">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault5b">
|
||
b) .18 per 100,000 people
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ5" id="flexRadioDefault5c">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault5c">
|
||
c) 18,000 per 100,000 people
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ5" id="flexRadioDefault5d">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault5d">
|
||
d) 3,600 per 100,000 people
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Button trigger modal -->
|
||
<div class="text-center">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#Exercise5Modal">
|
||
Show Answer
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Modal -->
|
||
<div class="modal fade" id="Exercise5Modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Exercise5ModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
|
||
<div class="modal-content">
|
||
<div class="modal-header">
|
||
<h5 class="modal-title" id="Exercise5ModalLabel">Answer</h5>
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-body">
|
||
<p><strong>d) 3,600 per 100,000 people.</strong> To determine the period prevalence, use the equation: 100,000/500,000 = x/18,000. To determine the period prevalence, begin by reviewing the definition. Period Prevalence = total number of cases / total population in a given time period. The total number of cases = 18,000 and the total population in the given time period of 1 year = 500,000. 18,000/500,000(*1 year) = 0.036. To make the estimate ‘per 100,000,’ multiple the one year prevalence (0.036) by 100,000 (0.036*100,000 = 3,600).
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-footer">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<br>
|
||
|
||
<div class="card shadow-sm">
|
||
<div class="card-body">
|
||
|
||
<ol class="pubmed-numbers p-l-0" style="counter-reset: my-counter 5">
|
||
<li><strong>In a population of 1 million, 3000 people had Disease X in 2021. 150 people died of Disease X between 2021 and 2022, while the rest continued to suffer from the disease. In 2022, there were 3,250 people with Disease X. What is the incidence risk per 100,000 people for Disease X in 2022?</strong></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<br>
|
||
|
||
<p><strong>(Assume that the population remained about the same between 2021 and 2022, and that the entire population is at risk for the disease.)</strong></p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<br>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ6" id="flexRadioDefault6a">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault6a">
|
||
a) 25 per 100,000 people
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ6" id="flexRadioDefault6b">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault6b">
|
||
b) 40 per 100,000 people
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ6" id="flexRadioDefault6c">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault6c">
|
||
c) 325 per 100,000 people
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="form-check mb-1">
|
||
<input class="form-check-input" type="radio" name="flexRadioDefaultQ6" id="flexRadioDefault6d">
|
||
<label class="form-check-label" for="flexRadioDefault6d">
|
||
d) .083 per 100,000 people
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Button trigger modal -->
|
||
<div class="text-center">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#Exercise6Modal">
|
||
Show Answer
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Modal -->
|
||
<div class="modal fade" id="Exercise6Modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Exercise6ModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
|
||
<div class="modal-content">
|
||
<div class="modal-header">
|
||
<h5 class="modal-title" id="Exercise6ModalLabel">Answer</h5>
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-body">
|
||
<p><strong>b) 40 per 100,000 people.</strong> To determine the incidence risk, first find the number of new people with the disease in 2021: 3000 (people with the disease in 2021) – 150 (died) = 2850. 3250 (people with disease in 2022) – 2850 (people already had the disease). = 400 new cases. To find the incident risk per 100, 000, calculate the proportion of new cases in the population (400/1,000,000 = 0.0004) and then multiple by 100,000 (0.0004*100,000=40).
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="modal-footer">
|
||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
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<li><strong>There are 2.5 million people aged 75-84 in Country X, which has a total population of 25 million. 4000 people died of influenza and pneumonia in Country X in 2021. 2,540 of these deaths occurred in the 75-84 age group. What is the 2021 mortality rate for influenza and pneumonia among people in Country X aged 75-84?</strong></li>
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a) 101.6 per 100,000 population
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b) 16 per 100,000 population
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c) 160 per 100,000 population
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d) 10.6 per 100,000 population
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<p><strong>a) 101.6 per 100,000 population.</strong> To solve, first find the ratio of deaths in the age group to the total number of people in the age group (2540/2.5 million = 0.001016). Then, multiple the result by 100,000 (0.001016*100,000)=101.6
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<p class="small">
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<a name="fn1" id="anch_101"></a>1. "Alcohol Use in the United States: Age Groups and Demographic Characteristics." National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, <a href="http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-topics/alcohol-facts-and-statistics/alcohol-use-united-states-age-groups-and-demographic-characteristics" title="www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-topics/alcohol-facts-and-statistics/alcohol-use-united-states-age-groups-and-demographic-characteristics" target="_blank">www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-topics/alcohol-facts-and-statistics/alcohol-use-united-states-age-groups-and-demographic-characteristics</a>.</p>
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<a name="fn2" id="anch_102"></a>2. "New York." County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, <a href="http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/new-york?year=2022&measure=Primary%2BCare%2BPhysicians" title="www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/new-york?year=2022&measure=Primary%2BCare%2BPhysicians" target="_blank">www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/new-york?year=2022&measure=Primary%2BCare%2BPhysicians</a>.</p>
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<a name="fn3" id="anch_103"></a>3. 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. (2024). <em>Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association</em>, 20(5), 3708–3821. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13809" title="https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13809" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13809</a>.</p>
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<a name="fn4" id="anch_104"></a>4. Telesford, Imani, et al. "How Has U.S. Spending on Healthcare Changed over Time?" Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker, 7 Feb. 2023, <a href="http://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/u-s-spending-healthcare-changed-time/#Total%20national%20health%20expenditures,%20US%20$%20Billions,%201970-2021" title="www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/u-s-spending-healthcare-changed-time/#Total%20national%20health%20expenditures,%20US%20$%20Billions,%201970-2021" target="_blank">www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/u-s-spending-healthcare-changed-time/#Total%20national%20health%20expenditures,%20US%20$%20Billions,%201970-2021</a>.</p>
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