653 lines
34 KiB
HTML
653 lines
34 KiB
HTML
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<meta name="NLM.Contact.Email" content="oetweb@nih.gov">
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<title>Health Data Standards and Terminologies: A Tutorial</title>
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<body>
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<div class="container-fluid">
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<!-- NAVBAR -->
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<div class="row bg-primary">
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<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-primary p-2">
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<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/"><img src="img/NLM_White.png" class="img-fluid" alt="NLM logo"></a>
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<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent">
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<ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto d-xs-flex d-sm-flex d-md-none d-lg-none d-xl-none" style="overflow-y: auto; height: calc(100vh - 68px); border-top: 0px solid #dee2e6;">
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href="#" id="navbarDropdown-1"
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role="button"
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data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false"
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aria-haspopup="true"
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aria-expanded="true">
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1: Functions and Types of Health Information Standards
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-1">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-100.html" aria-current="true">Intro</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-200.html">The Electronic Health Record (EHR)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item active" href="01-300.html">Interoperability</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-400.html">Health Data Standards</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="01-500.html">Module 1 Knowledge Check</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item dropdown">
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<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle"
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href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" id="navbarDropdown-2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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2: Terminology Standards and Tools
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-2">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-100.html">Intro</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-200.html">What are Terminology Standards?</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-300.html">Characteristics of a Standardized Terminology</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-400.html">ASTP/ONC and USCDI</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" id="navbarDropdown-Term" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Overview of Terminologies</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-Term">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-500.html">Terminology Examples</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-510.html">SNOMED CT</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-520.html">RxNorm</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-530.html">LOINC</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-540.html">ICD</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-550.html">CPT</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-560.html">MeSH</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-570.html">UCUM</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" id="navbarDropdown-Tool" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Terminology Tools and Resources</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-Tool">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-600.html">NLM Examples</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-610.html">UMLS</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-620.html">RxNav</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-630.html">DailyMed</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-640.html">VSAC</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-650.html">AccessGUDID</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-660.html">MedlinePlus Connect</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-670.html">NIH Common Data Element Repository (CDE-R)</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="02-700.html">Module 2 Knowledge Check</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item dropdown">
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<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle"
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href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" id="navbarDropdown-3" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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3: Exchange Standards
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-3">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-100.html">Intro</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-200.html">HL7 International</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-300.html">Version 2 (V2)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-400.html">Version 3 (V3)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-500.html">Clinical Document Architecture (CDA)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-600.html">Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="03-700.html">Module 3 Knowledge Check</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item dropdown">
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<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle"
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href="#" role="button" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" id="navbarDropdown-4" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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4: Working Together - Revisiting Organizational Interoperability
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-3">
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-100.html">Intro</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-200.html">Implementation Guides</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-300.html">Health Information Exchange (HIE)</a></li>
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<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="04-400.html">Government Programs</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="05-000.html">Closing</a>
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</li>
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<li><div class="dropdown-divider"></div></li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="06-000.html">Additional Resources</a>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="nav.html">How to Navigate This Course</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</nav>
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</div>
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<!-- / NAVBAR -->
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<!-- HEADER/BANNER -->
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<div class="row">
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<header class="bg-secondary p-3 truncate shadow" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;">
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<strong>Health Data Standards and Terminologies</strong>
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<small class="text-muted">A Tutorial</small>
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</header>
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</div>
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<!-- / HEADER/BANNER -->
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<div id="breadcrumb-div" class="container-fluid">
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<div class="breadcrumb-container">
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<ol class="breadcrumb mb-0" style="background-color: white;">
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<li class="breadcrumb-item">
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<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/training.html" id="anch_29" target="_blank">Training & Outreach</a>
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</li>
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<li class="breadcrumb-item">
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<a href="https://learn.nlm.nih.gov/" id="anch_30" target="_blank">Learning Resources</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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</nav>
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</div>
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</div>
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<!-- / BREADCRUMB -->
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<div class="row ms-1">
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<!-- LEFT COL - NAV SIDE -->
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<div class="col col-md-4 col-xl-3 d-none d-md-block p-0">
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<div id="sidebar" class="navbar navbar-light bg-light align-self-start">
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<ul class="nav nav-pills flex-column ps-2 pe-2" style="width: 100%;">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="index.html">Course Home</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-1">1: Functions and Types of Health Information Standards</a>
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<div id="collapse-item-1" class="collapse show">
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<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-100.html">Intro</a>
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||
</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="01-200.html">The Electronic Health Record (EHR)</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link active" href="01-300.html">Interoperability</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-400.html">Health Data Standards</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="01-500.html">Module 1 Knowledge Check</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-2">2: Terminology Standards and Tools</a>
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<div id="collapse-item-2" class="collapse">
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<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
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<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-100.html">Intro</a>
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||
</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-200.html">What are Terminology Standards?</a>
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||
</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-300.html">Characteristics of a Standardized Terminology</a>
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||
</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-400.html">ASTP/ONC and USCDI</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="#collapse-item-Term" data-bs-toggle="collapse">Overview of Terminologies</a>
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<div id="collapse-item-Term" class="collapse">
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<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-500.html">Terminology Examples</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-510.html">SNOMED CT</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-520.html">RxNorm</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-530.html">LOINC</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-540.html">ICD</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-550.html">CPT</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-560.html">MeSH</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-570.html">UCUM</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="#collapse-item-Tool" data-bs-toggle="collapse">Terminology Tools and Resources</a>
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<div id="collapse-item-Tool" class="collapse">
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<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-600.html">NLM Examples</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-610.html">UMLS</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-620.html">RxNav</a>
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||
</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-630.html">DailyMed</a>
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||
</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-640.html">VSAC</a>
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||
</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="02-650.html">AccessGUDID</a>
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||
</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-660.html">MedlinePlus Connect</a>
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</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-670.html">NIH Common Data Element Repository (CDE-R)</a>
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||
</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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||
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="02-700.html">Module 2 Knowledge Check</a>
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||
</li>
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||
</ul>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-3">3: Exchange Standards</a>
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<div id="collapse-item-3" class="collapse">
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||
<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
|
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<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-100.html">Intro</a>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-200.html">HL7 International</a>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-300.html">Version 2 (V2)</a>
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||
</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="03-400.html">Version 3 (V3)</a>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-500.html">Clinical Document Architecture (CDA)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-600.html">Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="03-700.html">Module 3 Knowledge Check</a>
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||
</li>
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||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
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||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse-item-4">4: Working Together - Revisiting Organizational Interoperability</a>
|
||
<div id="collapse-item-4" class="collapse">
|
||
<ul class="nav flex-column ps-3">
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-100.html">Intro</a>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-200.html">Implementation Guides</a>
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||
</li>
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||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-300.html">Health Information Exchange (HIE)</a>
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||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
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||
<a class="nav-link" href="04-400.html">Government Programs</a>
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||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
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||
</li>
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||
|
||
<li class="nav-item">
|
||
<a class="nav-link" href="05-000.html">Closing</a>
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</li>
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<li style="height: auto; line-height: 0;"><hr></li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" href="06-000.html">Additional Resources</a>
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</li>
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<li class="nav-item">
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<a class="nav-link" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#navModal">How to Navigate This Course</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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<!-- Modal -->
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<div class="modal fade" id="navModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="navModalLabel" aria-hidden="true">
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<div class="modal-header">
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<h5 class="modal-title" id="navModalLabel">How to Navigate This Course</h5>
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<button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
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</button>
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<div class="modal-body">
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<p>
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There are a variety of ways you can navigate this course. You can:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Click the Prev and Next buttons at the bottom of each page to move through the material.</li>
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<li>Use the main navigation with dropdown subsections featured on all pages.</li>
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<li>Use a combination of the above methods to explore the course contents.</li>
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</ul>
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<br>
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</div>
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<div class="modal-footer">
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<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
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<!-- / LEFT COL - NAV SIDE -->
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<!-- RIGHT COL -->
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<div class="col col-md-8 col-xl-9 p-0 px-3">
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<!-- MAIN CONTENT AREA -->
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<!-- Header -->
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<h2>1: Functions and Types of Health Information Standards
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</h2>
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<hr>
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<h3>Interoperability</h3>
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<br>
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<img class="img-fluid float-end" style="height: 300px" src="img/interop-levels.png" alt="Graphic showing interoperability levels - Foundational, Structural, Semantic, and Organizational">
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<p>For reliable communication to happen, systems must be able to communicate with one another and the information that they send needs to be useable on both ends. This is facilitated through the creation of standards that enable system interoperability.</p>
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<p>The Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) defines <strong>interoperability</strong> as “the ability of different information systems, devices and applications (systems) to access, exchange, integrate and cooperatively use data in a coordinated manner, within and across organizational, regional and national boundaries, to provide timely and seamless portability of information and optimize the health of individuals and populations globally” (from <a href="https://www.himss.org/resources/interoperability-healthcare" title="https://www.himss.org/resources/interoperability-healthcare" target="_blank">Interoperability in Healthcare | HIMSS</a>) HIMSS describes four levels of interoperability.</p>
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<h4>Levels of Interoperability</h4>
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Foundational Interoperability (Level 1)
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One system can receive data from another. This is predominantly facilitated through IT developments rather than information policy or design.
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Structural Interoperability (Level 2)
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The format (or syntax) of the data. The format must preserve the data’s purpose and framework.
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Semantic Interoperability (Level 3)
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Preservation of clear and precise meaning and context.
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Organizational Interoperability (Level 4)
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Includes governance, policy, social, legal, and other organizational considerations that enable shared consent, trust and integrated processes and workflows.
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<p></p>
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<p>These levels of interoperability correspond to different types of standards. </p>
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<h5>Health Hero App Example</h5>
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<p>Before we dive into the standards that make interoperability possible, let’s revisit the work of Dr. Judith Dexheimer, the principal investigator who worked on the Health Hero app that we learned about in the video on foster care (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8s1xhkhu2o" title="NLM Funding Spotlight | After Foster Care, Empowering Youths with Personal Health Records - YouTube" target="_blank">NLM Funding Spotlight | After Foster Care, Empowering Youths with Personal Health Records - YouTube</a>).</p>
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<p>Let’s imagine how the levels of interoperability might work in the Health Hero app example:</p>
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Foundational Interoperability (Level 1)
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</button>
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Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center can send and receive data (any data) from the welfare system.
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<div class="accordion-item">
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Structural Interoperability (Level 2)
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</button>
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<div id="HHcollapseTwo" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="HHheadingTwo">
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<div class="accordion-body">
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Cincinnati Children’s can take the EHR and welfare records and use the file types that are shared.
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<div class="accordion-item">
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<h2 class="accordion-header" id="HHheadingThree">
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<button class="accordion-button collapsed bg-light" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#HHcollapseThree" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="HHcollapseThree">
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Semantic Interoperability (Level 3)
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</button>
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<div id="HHcollapseThree" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="HHheadingThree">
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Elements of the data such as a laboratory result are communicated in the same way in both systems (e.g., they both define a Hemoglobin A1C test the same way).
|
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<div class="accordion-item">
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<h2 class="accordion-header" id="HHheadingFour">
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<button class="accordion-button collapsed bg-light" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#HHcollapseFour" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="HHcollapseFour">
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Organizational Interoperability (Level 4)
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</button>
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<div id="HHcollapseFour" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="HHheadingFour">
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The hospital and welfare system agree on policies regarding data sharing, consent and privacy.
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<p></p>
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||
<p>Dr. Dexheimer’s project and EHR interoperability in general are facilitated using health data standards.</p>
|
||
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</div>
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