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<h4 class="margin-bottom-0">Medical Subject Headings</h4>
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<a class="text-white" href="/mesh/">MeSH Home</a>
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<h1 style="text-align:center;"><strong>Welcome to Medical Subject Headings</strong></h1>
<p>The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus is a controlled and hierarchically-organized vocabulary produced by the National Library of Medicine. It is used for indexing, cataloging, and searching of biomedical and health-related information. MeSH includes the subject headings appearing in MEDLINE/PubMed, the NLM Catalog, and other NLM databases.</p>
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<div class="tablet:grid-col-6"><h2>Recent MeSH Updates</h2>
<p>Visit our <a href="https://datadiscovery.nlm.nih.gov/stories/s/Annual-MeSH-Processing-AMP-/4ekx-rduw">Annual MeSH Processing (AMP) </a>&nbsp;page to see all recent MeSH developments including the most recent ones listed below</p>
<ul>
<li>2025 MeSH files are now in production
<ul>
<li>MeSH Browser now displays <a href="https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/"> 2024&nbsp;</a> and <a href="https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/">2025 MeSH </a> vocabularies &nbsp;</li>
<li>Reports of MeSH changes now appear on our <a href="https://datadiscovery.nlm.nih.gov/stories/s/Annual-MeSH-Processing-AMP-/4ekx-rduw"> Annual MeSH Processing (AMP) </a> page</li>
<li>All 2024 MeSH files are now available on the <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/mesh.html"> MeSH Download Page</a>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ul>
<li>2025 MeSH files will be available in December 2024</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a title="RDF MeSH" href="https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/">MeSH in Resource Description Format(RDF)&nbsp; </a><br />
<ul>
<li><a title="MeSH RDF FTP site" href="ftp://ftp.nlm.nih.gov/online/mesh/rdf/">MeSH RDF FTP </a> now contain 2025 MeSH in RDF format</li>
<li>An&nbsp; <a title="SPARQL and URI Requests" href="https://hhs.github.io/meshrdf/sparql-and-uri-requests"> open MeSH API </a> is available for retrieving MeSH data</li>
<li>You can also use our&nbsp; <a title="SPARQL query editor" href="https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/query">SPARQL query editor </a>for querying MeSH data</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Obtain MeSH Data</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/databases/download/mesh.html">Download MeSH Data </a></li>
<li>Lists of <a href="/mesh/whatsnew.html">annual changes to MeSH </a></li>
<li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/MeSHonDemand" target="newwin">MeSH on Demand </a></li>
<li><a href="ftp://ftp.nlm.nih.gov/online/mesh/">Access RDF MeSH Data </a></li>
<li><a href="/mesh/pubtypes.html" target="newwin">View MeSH Pubtypes </a></li>
</ul></div>
<!--- left column ends -->
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<div class="tablet:grid-col-6"><h2>Learn About MeSH</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/mesh.html">Tutorials and Webinars</a></li>
<li>MeSH Vocabulary
<ul>
<li><a href="/mesh/introduction.html">Introduction to MeSH</a></li>
<li><a href="/mesh/mbinfo.html">Browser Instructions</a></li>
<li><a href="/mesh/authors.html">Finding Keywords for Publications</a></li>
<li><a href="/mesh/subhierarchy.html">MeSH Qualifiers List</a></li>
<li><a href="/mesh/qualifiers_scopenotes.html">MeSH Qualifiers with Scope Notes</a></li>
<li><a href="/mesh/pubtypes.html">Publication Characteristics (Publication Types) with Scope Notes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Search and Retrieval using MeSH
<ul>
<li><a title="Cataloging and Metadata Management Section (CaMMS)" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/cataloging/MeSH_CatPractices.html ">Cataloging with MeSH Terminology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/meshtutorial/searchingpubmedusingmeshtags/">Searching PubMed&reg; Using MeSH Search Terms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/pubmed.html">PubMed&reg; Online Training</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Related MeSH Efforts</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/index.html">RxNorm:</a> A drug vocabulary used for e-prescribing, formulary, medication history, government reporting, drug compendia mapping, and other uses</li>
<li><a href="//dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/about.cfm">Daily Med:</a> Provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States</li>
<li><a href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/umlsmain.html">Unified Medical Language System (UMLS&reg;) Metathesaurus:</a> A collection of biomedical names and codes grouped as sets of synonyms, derived from over 150 medical vocabulary sources.</li>
<li><a href="//wwwcf.nlm.nih.gov/class/">NLM Classification:</a> A NLM vocabulary used for the arrangement of library materials in the field of medicine and related sciences.</li>
</ul>
<h2>User Input and Suggestions</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/mesh/meshsugg.html">Make Suggestions</a> for new MeSH vocabulary</li>
<li><a href="/mesh/meshsugg.html">Corrections:</a>&nbsp;Please let us know if you find a mistake in MeSH</li>
<li><a href="/mesh/meshsugg.html">Downloading or Other Problems:</a>&nbsp;Our technical staff can help</li>
</ul>
<h2>Archived Publications</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/spl_workshop_2014.html">2014 DailyMed/RxNorm Jamboree Workshop</a>&nbsp;Last updated: September 29, 2014</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20180227215859/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/spl_workshop_2015.html">2015 DailyMed/RxNorm Jamboree Workshop</a>&nbsp;Last updated: October 14, 2015</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20191102205145/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/Jamboree/2016.html">2016 DailyMed/RxNorm Jamboree Workshop</a>&nbsp;Last updated: November 11, 2018</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20191102205203/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/Jamboree/2017.html">2017 DailyMed/RxNorm Jamboree Workshop</a>&nbsp;Last updated: November 11, 2018</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20191102205205/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/intro_alphabetic.html">Alphabetic Listing of MeSH</a>&nbsp;Last updated: December 6, 2016</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/amchanges.html">Changes in ASCII MeSH Format</a>&nbsp;Last updated: April 9, 2016</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/deleted.html">Deleted Descriptors - 2018</a>&nbsp;Last updated: January 6, 2017</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20191102205209/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/filelist.html">Files Available to Download</a>&nbsp;Last updated: November 29, 2018</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20190104163915/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/staffpubs.html">MeSH Staff Presentations and Publications</a>&nbsp;Last updated: June 22, 2016</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20160122160939/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/staffpubs_archive.html">MeSH Staff Presentations and Publications (Archive)</a>&nbsp;Last updated: April 24, 2013</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20191102205212/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/spl_workshop.html">SPL/DailyMed Jamboree Workshop 2013</a>&nbsp;Last updated: December 3, 2016</li>
<li><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/org-350/20191102205216/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/catpractices.html">Use of Medical Subject Headings For Cataloging</a>&nbsp;Last updated: October 29, 2019</li>
</ul></div>
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<p class=”margin-top-5”><small>Last Reviewed: January 16, 2025</small></p>
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