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<title>Islamic Medical Manuscripts, Alchemy 8</title>
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<h1><a name="top"></a>Catalogue: Alchemy</h1>
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<em>Masā’il</em> / <em>Risālat Mariyānus al-Rāhib
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al-<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">ḥ</font>akīm lil-amīr Khālid ibn Yazīd</em> <span class="ms">(MS A 70, item 19)</span></dt>
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<dd>(<em>Questions</em> / <em>Correspondence of Marianos the Monk with the prince Khālid ibn Yazīd</em>)</dd>
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<dd><strong>رسالة مريانس الراهب الحكيم لامير خالد ابن يزيد</strong></dd>
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<dd>attributed to <a href="bioK.html#khalid">Khālid ibn Yazīd</a> (7<sup>th</sup> cent. A.D.)</dd>
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<dd><strong>خالد ابن يزيد ابن معاوي</strong></dd>
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</dl>
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<p class="indent">Khālid ibn Yazīd (7th cent.)</p>
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<p class="indent">An <a href="glossary.html#umayyad">Umayyad</a> prince (son of the second Umayyad <a href="glossary.html#caliph">caliph</a>), Khālid ibn Yazīd is said to have learned alchemy from a Byzantine monk named <a href="bioM.html#marianos">Maryānos</a> (Marianos) and is also said to have ordered the translation into Arabic of Greek and Coptic writings on alchemy. Though alchemical writings and various legends, such as these, are attributed to him, there is in fact no direct evidence to suggest that he had anything to do with early alchemy.</p>
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<p class="indent"> The treatise preserved in this <a href="glossary.html#manuscript">manuscript</a> purports to consist of the alchemical correspondence between Khālid ibn Yazīd and the monk Marianos. Much has been written and disputed about the sources and authenticity of this treatise. The writing was subsequently translated into Latin, possibly by Robert of Chester in the 12th century; see Lee Stavenhagen, <em>A Testament of Alchemy, Being the Revelations of Morienus, Ancient Adept and Hermit of Jerusalem to Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiyya, King of the Arabs, of the Divine Secrets of the Magisterium and Accomplishment of the Alchemical Art</em> (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England for Brandeis University, 1974).</p>
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<p class="indent"> Two other Arabic copies are recorded, both in Istanbul, with a possible third in copy now in Hyderabad, and some fragments are preserved elsewhere; see <a href="abbreviation.html#sezginIV">Sezgin, GAS IV</a>, p. 111 no. 2; <a href="abbreviation.html#ullmannN">Ullmann, Natur</a>, p. 193 note 2; and J. Ruska, <em>Arabische Alchemisten: I. Chalid ibn Jazid ibn Mu‘awiya</em> (Heidelberg, 1924), pp. 31-52.</p>
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<p class="indent"> For the alchemical correspondence purported to have been exchanged between Khalid ibn Yazid and the Byzantine monk Marianos, see Ullmann <em>Natur</em>, pp. 191-2. See also M. Ullmann, 'Halid ibn Yazid und der Alchemie: Eine Legende', Der <em>Islam</em>, 1978, vol. 55, pp. 181-218.</p>
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<p class="indent">Arabic. 5 <a href="glossary.html#leaves">leaves</a> (fols. 53b, line 16-57b, line 2). <a href="glossary.html#dimensions">Dimensions</a> 21.3 x 16.8 (text area 15 x 10) cm; 20 lines per page. The title, <em>Masā’il</em>, and the author, Khālid ibn Yazīd, are given on fol. 53b, line 16. Maryānus <em>al-rahib</em> (Marianos the monk) is named in line 17 of the same folio.</p>
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<p class="indent">The copy is undated and unsigned. The appearance of the paper, ink, and script suggests a date of the 17th or 18th century.</p>
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<h2><span class="h2blue">Physical Description</span></h2>
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<p class="indent"> <span class="ms">(MS A 70)</span></p>
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<p class="indent"> All twenty-seven items in the volume have been transcribed by the same unnamed <a href="glossary.html#copyist">copyist</a>. Dimensions 21.3 x 16.8 (text area 15 x 10) cm; 20 lines per page. </p>
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<p class="indent">The copy is undated and unsigned. The appearance of the paper, ink, and script suggests a date of the 17th or 18th century.</p>
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<p class="indent">The text is written in a small, compact <a href="glossary.html#naskh">naskh</a> script using black ink with headings and <a href="glossary.html#overlinings">overlinings</a> in red. There are <a href="glossary.html#catchword">catchwords</a>. On some leaves there are instructions written vertically in the margins to the person who later inserted the <a href="glossary.html#rubrications">rubricated</a> headings; most have been cut off as the edges were trimmed, but on some <a href="glossary.html#folio">folios</a> (e.g., 37a, 38a) traces can still be seen.</p>
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<p class="indent">There are copious <a href="glossary.html#marginalia">marginalia</a> throughout in several hands, with some interlinear notes. A later hand has written the titles of various individual items in the volume in the upper left corners of the <a href="glossary.html#recto">recto</a> of some folios. One of the person adding marginalia to the volume frequently cites the alchemical authority <a href="bioJ.html#jaldaki">al-Jaldakī</a>.</p>
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<p class="indent">Folios 1-40 are composed of a biscuit, fibrous paper having a nearly matte finish, with neither <a href="glossary.html#laid">laid lines</a> nor <a href="glossary.html#chain">chain lines</a>. Fols. 41-67 are composed of paper dyed a light gray, of structure and finish similar to the first group. The edges have been trimmed from their original size. The volume is damp-stained and soiled through thumbing.</p>
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<p class="indent">The volume consists of 67 leaves and one loose <a href="glossary.html#leaf">leaf</a>. Fol. 1a is blank except for some later Turkish poetry and an owner's stamp. The loose leaf is smaller (ca. 18 x 11 cm) and of different paper from the rest of the volume; on it are miscellaneous and very casually written notes. Fols. 1b-12a (item 1) contain <em>Kitāb al-Sirr al-sārr wa-sirr al-asrār</em> by Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (<a href="alchemy36.html">MS A 70, item 1</a>); fols. 12a-13b (item 2) <em>Kitāb Jannāt al-khuld</em> by Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (<a href="alchemy38.html">MS A 70, item 2 </a>); fols. 13b-20b (item 3) <em>Kitāb al-Ra<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">ḥ</font>mah al-kabīr</em> by Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (<a href="alchemy11.html">MS A 70, item 3</a>); fols. 20b-22a (item 4) <em>Kitāb al-I<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">ḥ</font>qāq min sab‘īn</em> [extracts] by <a href="bioR.html#razi">al-Rāzī</a> (<a href="alchemy46.html">MS A 70, item 4</a>); fols. 22a-24a (item 5) an untitled treatise attributed to <a href="bioH.html#hermes">Hirmīs</a> [Hermes Trismegistus] (<a href="alchemy4.html">MS A 70, item 5</a>); fols. 24a-27b (item 6) <em>Kitāb al-Tadābīr</em> by al-Rāzī (<a href="alchemy47.html">MS A 70, item 6</a>); fols. 28a-29a (item 7) <em>Kitāb al-Rāhib</em> by Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (<a href="alchemy12.html">MS A 70, item 7</a>); fols 29a-30b (item 8) <em>Kitāb al-Āthar al-‘ulwīyah</em> by <a href="bioA.html#aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<a href="alchemy2.html">MS A 70, item 8</a>); fols. 30b-31b (item 9) <em>Risālah al-Fahm al-thāqib ilá al-fahm al-murāqib</em> attributed to <a href="bioP.html#plato">Plato</a> (<a href="alchemy3.html">MS A 70, item 9</a>); fols. 31b-33b (item 10) <em>Risālah Mufākharat al-a<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">ḥ</font>jār</em> attributed to Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (<a href="alchemy44.html">MS A 70, item 10</a>); fols. 33b-37b (item 11) extracts from writings of <a href="bioT.html#tughrai">al-<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ṭ</font>ughrā’ī</a> (<a href="alchemy49.html">MS A 70, item 11</a>); fols. 38a-38b (item 12) untitled treatise attributed to <a href="bioA.html#agatho">Agathodaimon</a> (<a href="alchemy5.html">MS A 70, item 12</a>); fols. 39a-41a (item 13) <em>Risālah fī <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">ṣ</font>inā‘at al-iksīr</em> by <a href="bioA.html#imadal-din">A<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">ḥ</font>mad ibn ‘Imād al-Dīn</a> (<a href="alchemy54.html">MS A 70, item 13</a>); fols. 41a-45a (item 14) <em>Risālah fī bayān tafrīq al-adyān wa-tafarru‘ al-‘ibādāt wa-al-diyānāt wa-al-i‘tiqādāt</em> by <a href="bioZ.html#zosimos">Zosimos</a> (<a href="alchemy7.html">MS A 70, item 14</a>); fols. 45a-47b (item 15) <em>Kitāb al-Fu<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">ṣ</font>ūl</em> attributed to Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (MS A 70, item 15); fols. 47b-48b (item 16) extracts from writings of al-<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ṭ</font>ughrā’ī (<a href="alchemy49.html#a70item16">MS A 70, item 16</a>); fols. 49a-52b (item 17) untitled <em>risālah</em> attributed to <a href="bioK.html#khalid">Khālid ibn Yazīd</a> (<a href="alchemy9.html">MS A 70, item 17</a>); fols. 52b-53b (item 18) <em>Kitāb al-Mujarradāt</em> [extracts] attributed to Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (<a href="alchemy39.html">MS A 70, item 18</a>); fols. 53b-57b (item 19) <em>Masā’il</em> attributed to Khālid ibn Yazīd here catalogued; fols. 57b-60a (item 20) <em>Kitāb al-Sirr al-Maknūn</em> by Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (<a href="alchemy33.html">MS A 70, item 20</a>); fols. 60a-63a (item 21) extract <em>(nubdhah)</em> from the writings of al-<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ṭ</font>ughrā’ī (<a href="alchemy49.html#a70item21">MS A 70, item 21</a>); fols. 63a-63b (item 22) <em>Aqwāl al-mutaffariqāt</em>, anonymous (<a href="alchemy55.html">MS A 70, item 22</a>); fols. 63b, lines 6-13 (item 23), alchemical note, anonymous (<a href="alchemy56.html">MS A 70, item 23</a>); fols. 63b-64a (item 24) <em>Kitāb al-Mawāzīn</em> [extracts] by Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (<a href="alchemy35.html">MS A 70, item 24</a>); fols. 64a-64b (item 25) <em>Kitāb al-Sirr al-Maknūn</em> [extract] by Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (<a href="alchemy33a.html">MS A 70, item 25</a>); fols 64b-67a (item 26) <em>Kitāb al-A<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">ḥ</font>jār ‘alá ra’y Balīnās</em> by Jābir ibn <font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>ayyān (<a href="alchemy34.html">MS A 70, item 26</a>); and fols. 67a-67b (item 27) untitled treatise attributed to Agathodaimon (<a href="alchemy6.html">MS A 70, item 27</a>).</p>
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<h2><span class="h2blue">Binding</span></h2>
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<p class="indent"> The volume is bound in a soft brown-leather <a href="glossary.html#bindings">binding</a>. On each cover there is a <a href="glossary.html#blind">blind-tooled</a> design formed of straight lines. There are no <a href="glossary.html#pastedowns">pastedowns</a> or <a href="glossary.html#endpapers">endpapers</a>.</p>
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<h2><span class="h2blue">Provenance</span></h2>
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<p class="indent">On fol. 1b there is an impression of an owner's stamp whose date might be 1123 (= 1711), though the middle numerals are not clear, and the name might be Abū Nūr Mu<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">ḥ</font>ammad al-<font face= "Arial Unicode MS">Ḥ</font>usaynī. On fol. 1a there is an unidentified library stamp.</p>
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<p class="indent"> The volume was purchased in 1941 by the Army Medical Library from A.S. Yahuda (ELS 1701 Med 120). </p>
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<h2><span class="h2blue">References</span></h2>
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<p class="indent"><a href="abbreviation.html#schullian">Schullian/Sommer</a>, <em> Cat. of incun. & MSS.</em>, entry A 70, p. 320, where says it a collection of 32 alchemical treatises.</p>
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<p class="psource">NLM Microfilm Reel: FILM 48-126 no. 3</p>
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