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<li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/index.html">Home</a></li>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition0.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition1.html">The Birth of <i>Frankenstein</i></a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition2.html">An Extraordinary Life</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition3.html">Boundary Crossing / 1818</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition4.html">Transformation of a Monster</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition5.html">Boundary Crossing / 1931</a></li>
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<h1><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/index.html">Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature<img src="/exhibition/frankenstein/css/img/logo-sidebar.png" alt="Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature" /></a></h1>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition0.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition1.html">The Birth of <i>Frankenstein</i></a><ul style="display:none;"><li style="display:none;"><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition1s0.html">Surrounded by Ice</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition2.html">An Extraordinary Life</a><ul style="display:none;"><li style="display:none;"><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition2s0.html">Paradise Lost</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition3.html">Boundary Crossing / 1818</a><ul style="display:none;"><li style="display:none;"><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition3s0.html">Midnight Labors</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition4.html">Transformation of a Monster</a><ul style="display:none;"><li style="display:none;"><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition4s0.html">Poor, Helpless, Miserable Wretch</a></li></ul></li><li class="on"><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition5.html">Boundary Crossing / 1931</a><ul><li><a href="/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition5s0.html">Blasted Hopes</a></li></ul></li>
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<h2>From the <em>Digital Gallery</em></h2>
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<img src="img/dg_OB10928_Lg.jpg" alt="Tall, narrow, glass instrument with curved, cylindrical pipes and valves." />
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<h3>Perfusion pump assembly from <em>The Culture of Organs</em>, 1938</h3>
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<a href="//digitalgallery.nlm.nih.gov/gallery/2/">View the<em>Digital Gallery</em></a>
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<h2>Exhibition<span>Boundary Crossing / 1931</span></h2>
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<li><div class="photo"><img src="img/ex-carousel-7a_OB10928.jpg" alt="Tall, narrow, glass instrument with curved, cylindrical pipes and valves." /></div><a href="carousel71.html">Perfusion pump assembly, 1938</a><div><div><h4>Perfusion pump assembly from <em>The Culture of Organs</em>, 1938</h4>
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<h5>Authors: Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) and Charles A. Lindbergh (1902–1974)</h5>
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<h5>Photographers: Louis Schmidt (ca. 1866–1939) and Joseph B. Haulenbeek</h5>
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<h5>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h5></div><p>By 1935, using a perfusion pump, Alexis Carrel and Charles Lindbergh had sustained a variety of animal organs—hearts, kidneys, ovaries, spleens—in the germ-free Pyrex glass pump, but they did not use human tissues.</p></div></li>
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<li><div class="photo"><img src="img/ex-carousel-7d_OB10931.jpg" alt="A curved, cylindrical, glass valve with small, round organ inside." /></div><a href="carousel74.html">Experiment 13T…, 1938</a><div><div><h4>Experiment 13T. Ovary, Fallopian tube, ovarian artery, and segment of aorta of a cat. Tissues spread on wall of organ chamber, instead of holder from <em>The Culture of Organs</em>, 1938</h4>
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<h5>Authors: Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) and Charles A. Lindbergh (1902–1974)</h5>
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<h5>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h5></div><p>The perfusion pump described in Alexis Carrel and Charles Lindbergh’s book was supposed to keep a sterile pulsing circulation of nutrient-rich fluid through organs.</p></div></li>
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<li><div class="photo"><img src="img/ex-carousel-7c_OB10930.jpg" alt="Three tall, narrow, glass instruments with curved pipes and valves connected inside metal box." /></div><a href="carousel73.html">Interior of incubator with three perfusion pumps…, 1938</a><div><div><h4>Interior of incubator with three perfusion pumps in operation from <em>The Culture of Organs</em>, 1938</h4>
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<h5>Authors: Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) and Charles A. Lindbergh (1902–1974)</h5>
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<h5>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h5></div><p>Scientist Alexis Carrel devised a fluid rich in nutrients that was capable of sustaining the cells of organs. However, Carrel did not have the technology to perfuse the cells in the fluid. Aviator Charles Lindberg collaborated with Carrel and created a glass apparatus that could bathe the organs in the fluid.</p></div></li>
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<li><div class="photo"><img src="img/ex-carousel-7b_OB10929.jpg" alt="Labeled blueprint of a tall, narrow instrument with curved, cylindrical pipes and valves." /></div><a href="carousel72.html">Cross section of perfusion pump assembly…, 1938</a><div><div><h4>Cross section of perfusion pump assembly from <em>The Culture of Organs</em>, 1938</h4>
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<h5>Authors: Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) and Charles A. Lindbergh (1902–1974)</h5>
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<h5>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h5></div><p>Charles Lindberg drew designs for the perfusion pump, a device capable of maintaining organs outside the body. After a five-year collaboration, the device kept alive small animal organs for three weeks.</p></div></li>
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<img src="img/ex-carousel-7a_OB10928.jpg" class="cloudcarousel" alt="<a href='carousel71.html'>1. Perfusion pump assembly, 1938</a><h4>Perfusion pump assembly from <em>The Culture of Organs</em>, 1938</h4>
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<h5>Authors: Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) and Charles A. Lindbergh (1902–1974)</h5>
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<h5>Photographers: Louis Schmidt (ca. 1866–1939) and Joseph B. Haulenbeek</h5>
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<h5>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h5><p>By 1935, using a perfusion pump, Alexis Carrel and Charles Lindbergh had sustained a variety of animal organs—hearts, kidneys, ovaries, spleens—in the germ-free Pyrex glass pump, but they did not use human tissues.</p> " title="Tall, narrow, glass instrument with curved, cylindrical pipes and valves." />
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<img src="img/ex-carousel-7d_OB10931.jpg" class="cloudcarousel" alt="<a href='carousel74.html'>4. Experiment 13T…, 1938</a><h4>Experiment 13T. Ovary, Fallopian tube, ovarian artery, and segment of aorta of a cat. Tissues spread on wall of organ chamber, instead of holder from <em>The Culture of Organs</em>, 1938</h4>
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<h5>Authors: Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) and Charles A. Lindbergh (1902–1974)</h5>
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<h5>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h5><p>The perfusion pump described in Alexis Carrel and Charles Lindbergh’s book was supposed to keep a sterile pulsing circulation of nutrient-rich fluid through organs.</p> " title="A curved, cylindrical, glass valve with small, round organ inside." />
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<img src="img/ex-carousel-7c_OB10930.jpg" class="cloudcarousel" alt="<a href='carousel73.html'>3. Interior of incubator with three perfusion pumps…, 1938</a><h4>Interior of incubator with three perfusion pumps in operation from <em>The Culture of Organs</em>, 1938</h4>
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<h5>Authors: Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) and Charles A. Lindbergh (1902–1974)</h5>
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<h5>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h5><p>Scientist Alexis Carrel devised a fluid rich in nutrients that was capable of sustaining the cells of organs. However, Carrel did not have the technology to perfuse the cells in the fluid. Aviator Charles Lindberg collaborated with Carrel and created a glass apparatus that could bathe the organs in the fluid.</p> " title="Three tall, narrow, glass instruments with curved pipes and valves connected inside metal box." />
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<img src="img/ex-carousel-7b_OB10929.jpg" class="cloudcarousel" alt="<a href='carousel72.html'>2. Cross section of perfusion pump assembly…, 1938</a><h4>Cross section of perfusion pump assembly from <em>The Culture of Organs</em>, 1938</h4>
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<h5>Authors: Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) and Charles A. Lindbergh (1902–1974)</h5>
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<h5>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h5><p>Charles Lindberg drew designs for the perfusion pump, a device capable of maintaining organs outside the body. After a five-year collaboration, the device kept alive small animal organs for three weeks.</p> " title="Labeled blueprint of a tall, narrow instrument with curved, cylindrical pipes and valves." />
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