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<li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/index.html">Home</a></li>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition0.html" class="on">Exhibition</a>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition0.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition1.html">Commerce on Land + Sea</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition2.html">Producing Food / Negotiating Power</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition3.html">Kitchen Contradictions</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition4.html">Labored Meals </a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition5.html">Freedom</a></li>
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<h1><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/index.html">Fire and Freedom<img src="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/css/img/logo-sidebar.png" alt="Fire and Freedom" /></a></h1>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition0.html">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition1.html">Commerce on Land + Sea</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition2.html">Producing Food / Negotiating Power</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition3.html">Kitchen Contradictions</a></li><li><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition4.html">Labored Meals </a></li><li class="on"><a href="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/exhibition5.html">Freedom</a></li>
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<h2>From the <em>Digital Gallery</em></h2>
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<img src="/exhibition/fireandfreedom/img/Exhibition-DGside-OB12097.jpg" alt="Title page with text." />
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<h3><em>An essay on culinary poisons: containing cautions relative to the use, ...</em>, 1781</h3>
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<li><a href="https://digitalgallery.nlm.nih.gov/gallery/fireandfreedom/browse/item/1012/a/">View Details</a></li>
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<h2>Exhibition<span>Freedom</span></h2>
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<p>Slavery was never benevolent or kind. Despite the realm of opportunities provided a slave, she or he always desired freedom and liberty.</p>
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<p>Because of their status on the plantation, some slaves were awarded extra privileges. These privileges may have included the ability to earn income from selling leftover foodstuffs or their own crops in the marketplace; the opportunity to wear fine clothes; and, permission to travel outside the plantation. Despite these advantages, slaves, no matter how revered or “well-treated,” still longed for freedom. Holidays, with relaxed work schedules and absent slaveholders, along with festive events provided opportunities for escape.</p>
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<li data-enlarge="img/OB12085_lg.jpg" ><div class="photo"><img src="img/OB12085_lg.jpg" alt="White man and woman and two girls sit by a table, with an African American woman in the background." /></div><h3><em>George Washington and Family</em>, Thomas Prichard Rossiter, ca. 1858–1860</h3><h4>Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association</h4><div class="description"><h3>Circumventing freedom</h3>
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<p>During the presidency, the Washingtons repeatedly rotated, albeit illegally, enslaved Africans between their official household in Philadelphia and their Mount Vernon plantation. This circumvented the Gradual Abolition Act, which allowed slaves remaining in Pennsylvania for more than six months to gain their freedom. Rotating them reset the point when the clock on their residency began.</p><ul class="nojs"><li><a href="img/OB12085_lg.jpg">Enlarge Image</a></li></ul></div></li>
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<li data-enlarge="img/OB12086_lg.jpg" ><div class="photo"><img src="img/OB12086_lg.jpg" alt="African American man wearing all white, including a white cylindrical cook's hat." /></div><h3>Portrait possibly of Hercules, attributed to Gilbert Stuart, ca. 1795–1797</h3><h4>Courtesy Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza/Scala/Art Resource, NY</h4><div class="description"><h3>From enslaved chef to freedman</h3>
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<p>Ever aware that he was in bondage, Hercules, considered George Washington’s favorite “capital cook,” longed for freedom. On February 22, 1797, Washington’s 65th birthday, Hercules escaped and was never heard of again.</p><ul class="nojs"><li><a href="img/OB12086_lg.jpg">Enlarge Image</a></li></ul></div></li>
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<li data-enlarge="img/OB11750_lg.jpg" ><div class="photo"><img src="img/OB11750_lg.jpg" alt="Metal flip out razer attached to brown handle." /></div><h3>Shaving razor, 1800–1830</h3><h4>Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association</h4><div class="description"><h3>Cultured and prosperous but still a slave</h3>
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<p>Like many enslaved house servants, Hercules, a cook for George Washington, sought respectability and integrity by practicing the finest in decorum, proper work habits, and attention to detail, including his personal grooming.</p><ul class="nojs"><li><a href="img/OB11750_lg.jpg">Enlarge Image</a></li></ul></div></li>
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<li data-enlarge="img/OB11739_lg.jpg" ><div class="photo"><img src="img/OB11739_lg.jpg" alt="Metal slightly conical skillet that rests on three legs, the skill has a long thin handle." /></div><h3>Grease skillet, ca. 18th century </h3><h4>Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association</h4><div class="description"><h3>Withstanding the heat of the hearth</h3>
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<p>Described as “highly accomplished…proficient in the culinary art as could be found in the United States,” Hercules had the role of overseeing Washington’s kitchens. He would have mastered hearth cooking, knowing the proper amount of oil and lard to fry foods, and how to wield long handled skillets to deftly maneuver hot pans while roasting meats.</p><ul class="nojs"><li><a href="img/OB11739_lg.jpg">Enlarge Image</a></li></ul></div></li>
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<li data-enlarge="img/OB11747_lg.jpg" ><div class="photo"><img src="img/OB11747_lg.jpg" alt="Cylindrical metal canister with a tapered top." /></div><h3>Canister, ca. 18th century</h3><h4>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h4><div class="description"><h3>Guarded food</h3>
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<p>Hercules, one of several enslaved cooks, had the role of overseeing George Washington’s kitchens. He would have used canisters to contain flour, rice, corn meal, and other dry goods to keep out insects and vermin. Foods were closely guarded and carefully rationed.</p><ul class="nojs"><li><a href="img/OB11747_lg.jpg">Enlarge Image</a></li></ul></div></li>
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<li data-transcript="popup3.html" data-enlarge="img/OB12255_lg.jpg" ><div class="photo"><img src="img/OB12255_lg.jpg" alt="Text in a newspaper." /></div><h3>Runaway advertisement for Oney Judge, <em>Philadelphia Gazette</em>, May 24, 1796</h3><h4>Courtesy Historical Society of Pennsylvania</h4><div class="description"><h3>Using food to escape power</h3>
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<p>Some slaves took advantage of mealtimes and festive events to provide a distraction in order to “abscond.” According to an 1845 interview, Oney Judge, Martha Washington’s personal servant, left Washington’s house while they were eating dinner.</p><ul class="nojs"><li><a href="img/OB12255_lg.jpg">Enlarge Image</a></li><li><a href="popup3.html">Read Transcript</a></li></ul></div></li>
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<li data-enlarge="img/OB11748_lg.jpg" ><div class="photo"><img src="img/OB11748_lg.jpg" alt="White bowl with top sitting in a slightly upwardly curved circular tray." /></div><h3>Sugar bowl with top, ca. 1778</h3><h4>Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association</h4><div class="description"><h3>Sweetness and power</h3>
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<p>Large meals featured desserts of fruits, nuts, and sweet wines. Such “sweetness and power” often belied the tensions that existed in the dining room. “Invisible” servants, while tending to the comforts of the plantation family, often thought about how they might obtain their freedom.</p><ul class="nojs"><li><a href="img/OB11748_lg.jpg">Enlarge Image</a></li></ul></div></li>
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<li data-enlarge="img/OB11757A_lg.jpg" ><div class="photo"><img src="img/OB11757A_lg.jpg" alt="White bowl with top sitting in a slightly upwardly curved circular tray." /></div><h3>Tea bowl and saucer, 1779–1782</h3><h4>Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association</h4><div class="description"><h3>With power comes leisure</h3>
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<p>While the Washingtons enjoyed a light repast of bread and leftover meat known as “tea,” the slaves’ day continued. They could not eat until the dining room table had been cleared and cleaned, and tea brewed; wood chopped for the next day; dough kneaded and hoecake batter prepared for breakfast the next morning.</p><ul class="nojs"><li><a href="img/OB11757A_lg.jpg">Enlarge Image</a></li></ul></div></li>
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<li data-enlarge="img/OB12074_lg.jpg" ><div class="photo"><img src="img/OB12074_lg.jpg" alt="Open book showing typewritten text." /></div><h3><em>A Treatise on Tobacco, Tea, Coffee, and Chocolate</em>. ..., Simon Paulli, translated by Robert James, 1746</h3><h4>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h4><div class="description"><h3>Taking tea, Tasting freedom</h3>
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<p>Some slaves earned money to purchase teacups and a teapot or kettle. The social elite viewed taking tea as a necessary social performance. While the Washingtons enjoyed this leisurely ritual, enslaved cooks continued to serve them tea, even as they dreamed of freedom.</p><ul class="nojs"><li><a href="img/OB12074_lg.jpg">Enlarge Image</a></li></ul></div></li>
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<li data-enlarge="img/OB12091_lg.jpg" ><div class="photo"><img src="img/OB12091_lg.jpg" alt="Open book showing typewritten text." /></div><h3><em>Washington’s Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior in Company and Conversation</em>, ... , J. M. Toner, 1888</h3><h4>Courtesy National Library of Medicine</h4><div class="description"><h3>Serving their way to freedom</h3>
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<p>Reportedly, George Washington followed rules of civility and decent behavior at his dinner table and in life.</p>
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<p>Male and female house servants studied the comfort and welfare of the Washingtons as much to serve as to avoid punishment. They also needed to be aware should an opportunity arise to take their freedom.</p><ul class="nojs"><li><a href="img/OB12091_lg.jpg">Enlarge Image</a></li></ul></div></li>
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