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<h1>Assault on Kanaloa Kaho‘olawe</h1>
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<h2>Ka mauli o ka ‘Āina a he mauli kanaka</h2><h3>The life of the land is the life of the people</h3></div>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/exhibition-journeys-through-history.html">Journeys Through History</a></li>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/exhibition-assault-on-kanaloa.html">Assault on Kanaloa Kaho‘
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olawe</a></li>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/exhibition-reclaiming-island.html">Reclaiming the Island</a></li>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/exhibition-aloha-aina.html">Aloha ‘
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Āina: Love of the Land</a></li>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/exhibition-legacy.html">The Legacy Continues</a></li>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/exhibition-journeys-through-history.html">Journeys Through History</a></li>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/exhibition-assault-on-kanaloa.html" class="on">Assault on Kanaloa Kaho‘olawe</a></li>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/exhibition-reclaiming-island.html">Reclaiming the Island</a></li>
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<li><a href="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/exhibition-legacy.html">The Legacy Continues</a></li>
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<p>Makahiki ceremony, Hakioawa Bay camp area, 1987</p>
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<a href="#">View Details</a>
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<li><img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB150-thumb.jpg" alt="Ceremony marking the annexation of Hawai‘i by the United States dated 1898." /></li>
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<li><img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB652-thumb.jpg" alt="White goat bones are strewn across black, volcanic rock and scrubby grass." /></li>
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<li><img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB151-thumb.jpg" alt="A depression of rust-colored earth, the result of soil erosion, is pictured. In the background are green grass and trees, and blue sky." /></li>
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<li><img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB152-thumb.jpg" alt="In this black and white photograph, battleships are surrounded by black smoke during the attack on Pearl Harbor." /></li>
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<li><img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB551-thumb.jpg" alt="Artillery is scattered across the rust-colored, dirt-covered ground." /></li>
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<li><img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB155-thumb.jpg" alt="Black and white photograph of tanks and APC’s landing on beach for military exercises. " /></li>
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<li><img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB156-thumb.jpg" alt="In this black and white photograph, a bullet hole is seen right above an ancient drawing of a person on a rock wall." /></li>
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<h4>1/1</h4>
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<a href="#" class="p">Previous</a>
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<img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB150.jpg" alt="Ceremony marking the annexation of Hawai‘i by the United States dated 1898." />
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<div>
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<h3><strong>Ceremony marking the United States’ claim of annexation of Hawai‘i,</strong> 1898</h3>
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<p class="courtesy">Courtesy Bishop Museum</p>
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<p>Much of the valuable knowledge of voyaging was lost as a consequence of the suppression of traditional ways by American colonizers and missionaries, and by the invasion, claimed annexation, and occupation of Hawai‘i by the United States government.</p>
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<div class="photo">
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<img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB652.jpg" alt="White goat bones are strewn across black, volcanic rock and scrubby grass." />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h3><strong>Goat bones on the island, </strong> 1980</h3>
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<p class="courtesy">Courtesy Dr. Mark D. Merlin, Professor of Botany, University of Hawai‘i</p>
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<p>As well as inhibiting Native Hawaiian customs, the occupiers seized property for their exclusive use and banished the people from their sacred lands. The arrival of outsiders put Kanaloa Kaho‘olawe in jeopardy. In 1793, goats were presented as a gift from British naval captain George Vancouver to Chief Kahekili of Maui who released them on the island. The introduction of this foreign species undermined the ecological balance of the land over the course of the nineteenth century. The rise of the population to about 40,000 animals, and the uncontrolled grazing of cattle and sheep allowed by ranchers, caused massive soil erosion.</p>
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<li>
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<div class="photo">
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<img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB151.jpg" alt="A depression of rust-colored earth, the result of soil erosion, is pictured. In the background are green grass and trees, and blue sky." />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h3><strong>Soil erosion caused by uncontrolled animal grazing and bombing, near the topside target area west of Luakealialalo, </strong> 1993</h3>
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<p class="courtesy">Courtesy Franco Salmoiraghi</p>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li>
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<div class="photo">
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<img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB152.jpg" alt="In this black and white photograph, battleships are surrounded by black smoke during the attack on Pearl Harbor." />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h3><strong>Battleships under attack in Pearl Harbor, </strong> 1941</h3>
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<p class="courtesy">Courtesy University of Hawai‘i, Mānoa, Hamilton Library, Hawai‘i War Records Depository</p>
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<p>In 1941, after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, O‘ahu prompted United States participation in the Second World War, the U.S. government declared martial law in Hawai‘i and seized Kanaloa Kah‘olawe for bombing and training exercises. </p>
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</div>
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<li>
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<div class="photo">
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<img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB551.jpg" alt="Artillery is scattered across the rust-colored, dirt-covered ground." />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h3><strong>Unexploded ordnance, </strong> 1994</h3>
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<p class="courtesy">Courtesy Franco Salmoiraghi</p>
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<div class="photo">
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<img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB155.jpg" alt="Black and white photograph of tanks and APC’s landing on beach for military exercises." />
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<div>
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<h3><strong>Military exercises at Hanakanai‘a, </strong> 1993</h3>
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<p class="courtesy">Courtesy Franco Salmoiraghi</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<img src="/exhibition/avoyagetohealth/img/exhibition-OB156.jpg" alt="In this black and white photograph, a bullet hole is seen right above an ancient drawing of a person on a rock wall." />
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</div>
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<div>
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<h3><strong>A bullet hole near a petroglyph, </strong> 1994</h3>
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<p class="courtesy">Courtesy Franco Salmoiraghi</p>
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<p>Over the next fifty years, many of the island’s ancient petroglyphs and sacred sites were damaged by military training activities which scattered unexploded ordnance throughout the area. Overgrazing by feral goats further decimating the uninhabited land.</p>
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