387 lines
29 KiB
HTML
387 lines
29 KiB
HTML
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<tr><td width="98%"><font class="exhindex"><a name="index">Index</a>: <a href="exhibition.html">A-B</a> | <a href="exh-c-d.html">C-D</a> | <a href="exh-e-h.html">E-H</a> | <a href="exh-i-l.html">I-L</a> | <a href="exh-m-o.html">M-O</a> | <a href="exh-p-s.html">P-S</a> | T-Z </font></td>
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<font class="exhhead">T</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Taylor">Taylor, Robert (1932- )</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#TCP">TCP/IP</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Telegram">Telegram</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Telegraph">Telegraph</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#TeleKey">Telegraph Key</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#TeleMessenger">Telegraph Messenger</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#TeleOffice">Telegraph Office</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Telepole">Telegraph Pole</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#TeleTag">Telegraph Tag</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Telegrapher">Telegrapher</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Telecramp">Telegraphists' Cramp</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Teletype">Teletype Machine</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Telnet">Telnet</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Time">Time-sharing</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Tomlinson">Tomlinson, Ray</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Transatlantic">Transatlantic Cable</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Transcontinental">Transcontinental Telegraph</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Transmitter">Transmitter</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Transoceanic">Transoceanic Cable</a><br />
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<br /></font>
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<font class="exhhead">U</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#URL">URL (Uniform Resource Locator)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#USSignal">U. S. Signal Corps</a><br />
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<br /></font>
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<font class="exhhead">V</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Visible">Visible Human Project</a><br />
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<br /></font>
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<font class="exhhead">W</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Western">Western Union</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Wheatstone">Wheatstone, Charles (1802-1875)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Wire">Wire Fraud</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#WireService">Wire Service</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Wireless">Wireless Telegraphy</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#Wolff">Wolff, Steven (1932- )</a><br />
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<a href="exh-t-z.html#World">World Wide Web</a>
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</font><br /><br /><br />
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</td>
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<a name="T"></a>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="100%">
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<tr><td width="90%"><font class="exhhead">T</font></td>
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<td width="10%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" alt="pop up close" border="0" align="right" /></a></td>
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Taylor">Taylor, Robert (1932- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Engineer and computer scientist who headed ARPA's computing program at the time of the creation of the ARPANET. (He hired Larry Roberts to head the ARPANET project.) Taylor later headed Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) during the 1970s, when PARC staff created the technologies that revolutionized the personal computer, including the graphical user interface, the mouse, and Ethernet.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="TCP">TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A communications protocol that enables computers connected in different networks to talk to each other in a common language, thereby enabling the formation of a network of networks: the Internet.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Telegram">Telegram</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A message transmitted via electric telegraph, usually written or mechanically printed on the blank form of a telegraph company.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Telegraph">Telegraph (from the Greek, tele [afar] + grapheis [write])</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">An apparatus for transmitting messages over a distance. Originally, any system to send long-distance messages, even optical signaling systems, but after the invention of the electromagnetic telegraph the term came to be exclusively applied to electrical signaling devices unless otherwise specified. See electromagnetic telegraph.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="TeleKey">Telegraph Key</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">In telegraphy, a sending device used to tap out messages in Morse Code. Also called key. </font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="TeleMessenger">Telegraph Messenger</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">An employee of a telegraph company who carries messages from customers to the telegraph office and who delivers telegrams. In the late 19th century, messengers began to use bicycles and automobiles for more rapid delivery. The job was generally reserved for boys and young men; during World War II, young women also served as messengers.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="TeleOffice">Telegraph Office</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">An office where telegraph messages are sent and received.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Telepole">Telegraph Pole</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A wooden pole implanted in the ground, sometimes with one or more cross-bars, from which telegraph wires were strung.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="TeleTag">Telegraph Tag</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A medallion, worn on a strap or around the neck by the holder of an insurance policy, that gives instructions to telegraphically contact the insurance company in case of death, incapacitating illness or accident. A telegraph tag typically has a policy number, the name and address of an insurance company, and instructions.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Telegrapher">Telegrapher</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A person whose job it is to send and receive telegraph messages; sometimes called a telegraph operator or (Brit.) telegraphist.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Telecramp">Telegraphists' Cramp</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">An occupational illness that afflicted telegraphers, akin to carpal tunnel syndrome, caused by the repetitive motion of tapping on a telegraph key. Also called glass arm.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">The use of telecommunications technologies to provide health care at a distance.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Teletype">Teletype Machine</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Device used to transmit and receive text electronically over telephone lines. After time-sharing systems were developed in the 1960s, teletype machines were adapted to transmit information from remote locations to central computers.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Telnet">Telnet</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Program developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) to enable people to access computers from remote sites.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Time">Time-sharing</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Time-sharing in a computer is the ability to switch from task to task and user to user in order to maximize the use of the machine's computing power. Once computers could time-share effectively, they could be made accessible to multiple users at multiple sites at the same time.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Tomlinson">Tomlinson, Ray</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Computer engineer who developed the first network email program.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Transatlantic">Transatlantic Cable</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">The first transatlantic cable, between Ireland and Newfoundland, was finished in 1858, but the cable's insulation failed and it had to be abandoned after a few weeks. The first permanently successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866; in the same year another cable, partially laid in 1865, was also completed. </font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Transcontinental">Transcontinental Telegraph</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">With the crisis atmosphere of the Civil War pushing the project forward, in 1861 Western Union completed the first transcontinental telegraph line, connecting San Francisco to the Midwest and on to the East Coast. </font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Transmitter">Transmitter</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">In telegraphy, any signaling apparatus, usually a signal key. Later, in wireless telegraphy, the word refers to a broadcasting device that amplifies radio waves and sends them on to the antenna.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Transoceanic">Transoceanic Cable</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">The first undersea cable for the transmission of telegraph signals was laid in 1850 between England and France. Once that proved feasible, cables began to be laid under larger bodies of water: in 1855 under the Black Sea, in 1857-58 across the Atlantic, between Ireland and Newfoundland (which failed after a few weeks). The first permanently successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. In succeeding decades, underwater cables crossed oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and connected islands and continents. By the early 20th century, telegraph links connected every continent except Antarctica.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhcopy"><br />[<a href="javascript:history.back()">Back</a>][<a href="exh-t-z.html#index">Index</a>][<a href="javascript:closewindow();">Close</a>]</font><br /><br />
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<tr><td width="90%"><font class="exhhead">U</font></td>
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<td width="10%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" border="0" alt="pop up close" align="right" /></a></td>
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="URL">URL (Uniform Resource Locator)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Alternatively, Universal Resource Locator. Acronym used to refer to the "address" of a document or file on a computer connected to the Internet.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="USSignal">U. S. Signal Corps</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Established during the Civil War by an act of Congress on June 21, 1860, the U. S. Signal Corps became the telegraphic service of the U. S. armed forces (alongside the civilian United States Military Telegraph Company). After the war, in 1870, federal legislation created within the Signal Corps a Division of Telegrams and Reports for the Benefit of Commerce, which ultimately became the National Weather Service.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhcopy"><br />[<a href="javascript:history.back()">Back</a>][<a href="exh-t-z.html#index">Index</a>][<a href="javascript:closewindow();">Close</a>]</font><br /><br />
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<tr><td width="90%"><font class="exhhead">V</font></td>
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<td width="10%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" alt="pop up close" border="0" align="right" /></a></td>
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Visible">Visible Human Project</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A vast data set of digitized images of the human body, created by the National Library of Medicine. It is a set of complete, anatomically detailed, two-dimensional representations of the normal male and female human bodies. Researchers around the world use this set of images to create vivid three-dimensional renderings of the human body.</font><br /><br />
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<tr><td width="90%"><font class="exhhead">W</font></td>
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<td width="10%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" alt="pop up close" border="0" align="right" /></a></td>
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Western">Western Union</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A company founded in 1851 as the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company. With the acquisition of several other lines, in 1855 the company reorganized to become the Western Union Telegraph Company. Further expansion came through the takeover of hundreds of competing telegraph companies and the building of new lines, including in 1861, the first transcontinental telegraph line. By the late 1860s, Western Union had attained virtual monopoly status in the telegraph industry. In the 20th century, as new communication technologies proliferated, the company's telegraph business went into a sharp decline. The firm sought to diversify, but in the late 20th century, after a series of financial reverses, Western Union sold off its profitable businesses, declared bankruptcy and went out of business.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Wheatstone">Wheatstone, Charles (1802-1875)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">British inventor who, with William Fothergill Cooke, invented the needle telegraph in 1837. Later in his career, Wheatstone went on to invent a printing telegraph that punched holes in paper tape and a host of other inventions.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Wire">Wire Fraud</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A new category of crime that came into being with the invention of the telegraph; a scheme to obtain financial gain through the use of an electronic communications technology by false pretenses, representations or promises, or concealed advance knowledge.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="WireService">Wire Service</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">The invention of the telegraph made it possible for correspondents to send breaking news reports to newspapers hundreds or even thousands of miles away. But telegraph bandwidth was very narrow — telegraph companies charged by the word — so it was expensive to send long reports. Newspapers therefore pooled their resources and created or employed wire services such as Associated Press, which distributed the same news report to hundreds of subscribing newspapers. The wire service, a bulk user of the telegraph, received a lower preferential rate, but was dependent on the good will of Western Union, since the telegraph giant had no effective competitor.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Wireless">Wireless Telegraphy</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">In the mid-1890s, Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) began experiments which resulted in the invention of radio, at first termed "wireless telegraphy," or just "wireless," because the transmissions took place over long distances, without transmission wires, and were in Morse Code. While radio signals were eventually able to carry voice transmission, wireless telegraphy continued to be used because it was more reliable and secure over a wider distance and variety of conditions.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Wolff">Wolff, Steven (1932- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Computer engineer who headed the NSFNet project. Wolff is now director of Advanced Internet Initiatives for Cisco Systems, the leading manufacturer of Internet routers.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="World">World Wide Web</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">The widely used format for displaying, linking, and referencing documents and files on the Internet developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. The World Wide Web protocols became widely available in 1991, fueling the Internet explosion of the 1990s. The term is also used loosely to refer to the vast array of information available on the Internet.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhcopy"><br />[<a href="javascript:history.back()">Back</a>][<a href="exh-t-z.html#index">Index</a>][<a href="javascript:closewindow();">Close</a>]</font><br /><br />
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<strong>First published: </strong>23 October 2001<br/><strong>Last updated: </strong>11 August 2009<br/><strong>Date Archived: </strong>04 January 2012<br/><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20120104/onceandfutureweb/exh-t-z.html&description=full" onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20120104/onceandfutureweb/exh-t-z.html&description=full'); return false;"><strong>Metadata</strong></a> | <strong> <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html"onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html'); return false;">Permanence level</a>: </strong>Permanent: Stable Content<br/>
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