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311 lines
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<tr><td width="98%"><font class="exhindex"><a name="index">Index</a>: <a href="exhibition.html">A-B</a> | <a href="exh-c-d.html">C-D</a> | <a href="exh-e-h.html">E-H</a> | I-L | <a href="exh-m-o.html">M-O</a> | <a href="exh-p-s.html">P-S</a> | <a href="exh-t-z.html">T-Z</a> </font></td><td width="2%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" border="0" align="right" alt="pop up close" /></a></td></tr></table></td>
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<font class="exhhead">I</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#IBM">IBM (International Business Machines) Corporation</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#IMP">IMP (Interface Message Processor)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#IndexMedicus">Index Medicus</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Info">Information</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#InfoManagement">Information Management, A Proposal</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Insulator">Insulator</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Integrated">Integrated Circuit</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Internet">Internet</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#ISP">Internet Service Provider (ISP)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#InternetSociety">Internet Society</a><br />
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<br /></font>
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<font class="exhhead">K</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Kahn">Kahn, Robert (1938- )</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Kasson">Kasson, Gunnar</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Key">Key</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Kiley">Kiley, Ma (1880-1971)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Kleinrock">Kleinrock, Leonard (1934- )</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Klima">Klima, John</a><br />
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<br /></font>
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<font class="exhhead">L</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Lederberg">Lederberg, Joshua (1925-)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Licklider">Licklider, J. C. R. (1915-1990)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Lindberg">Lindberg, Donald A. B. (1933- )</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#Lineman">Lineman</a><br />
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<a href="exh-i-l.html#LAN">Local Area Network (LAN) </a><br />
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</font><br /><br /><br />
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</td>
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</td>
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<!--======BEGIN I======-->
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<tr><td width="90%"><font class="exhhead">I</font></td><td width="10%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" border="0" align="right" alt="pop up close" /></a></td></tr></table></td>
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="IBM">IBM (International Business Machines) Corporation</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A leading manufacturer of computer equipment and a leading software developer. IBM became the largest and most influential computer manufacturer in the world in the 1950s, in large part because it won the contract to design and build the computers for the SAGE air defense system.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="IMP">IMP (Interface Message Processor)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Computer used in the ARPANET to translate and route messages across the network. Ancestor of today's routers.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="IndexMedicus">Index Medicus</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Index to articles appearing in the world's leading medical journals, created by the National Library of Medicine in 1879. Updates to the <font class="exhitalic">Index Medicus</font> rapidly became a physician's best guide to the current medical literature. Superseded by MEDLARS and MEDLINE.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Info">Information</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">In computer science and telecommunications, a crucial concept used to refer to data that can be communicated in some manner. Strictly speaking, information refers to the data necessary to reconstruct a message at another place or time, not to the content of that message; information is thus not to be confused with knowledge or meaning. Information is measured in "bits." </font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="InfoManagement">Information Management, A Proposal</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Paper: "<a href="http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html" target="_blank">Information Management, A Proposal</a>"<br /><br />
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Author: Berners-Lee, Tim<br /><br />
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Computer scientist who invented the World Wide Web by creating a set of protocols for managing information on the Internet. These protocols included a language for displaying documents on different computers (HTML, the Hyper-Text Markup Language), a system for referring to documents stored on networked computers (URL, the Uniform Resource Locator), and a program for finding and displaying documents (the first browser).</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Insulator">Insulator</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A material that does not conduct electricity. In telegraphy, the term usually refers to a bulbous glass object that attaches to the top of a telegraph pole and which holds the conducting wire (which in the 19th century was often bare, uncovered by cloth or rubber insulation).</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Integrated">Integrated Circuit</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">An integrated circuit, or chip, contains all the component elements of a circuit in one solid unit (as opposed to connecting them via wires). Integrated circuits today are typically made from silicon and other semiconductors. A microprocessor is a special type of integrated circuit.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Internet">Internet</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A network of computer networks linked physically and by the shared use of the Internet Protocol (the IP part of TCP/IP).</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="ISP">Internet Service Provider (ISP)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">An ISP is an organization, such as America Online, that provides access to the Internet.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="InternetSociety">Internet Society</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">An organization that develops technical standards for the Internet.</font><br /><br />
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<tr><td width="90%"><font class="exhhead">K</font></td><td width="10%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" border="0" align="right" alt="pop up close" /></a></td></tr></table></td>
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Kahn">Kahn, Robert (1938- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Computer scientist best known as co-author (with Vinton Cerf) of the TCP/IP protocols for inter-network communication.<br /><br />
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Paper: "<a href="http://www.worldcom.com/about_the_company/cerfs_up/technical_writings/protocol_paper/" target="_blank">A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication</a>" with Vint Cerf</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Kasson">Kasson, Gunnar</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Owner of Balto the dog; leader of the team that finished the final leg of the dog-sled relay that brought vitally needed diphtheria antitoxin over 700 miles from Nenana to Nome, Alaska in the bitter arctic winter of 1925.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Key">Key</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">In telegraphy, a sending device used to tap out messages in Morse code.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Kiley">Kiley, Ma (1880-1971)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A female railroad telegrapher. Born Mattie Collins Brite, in 1880, in Atacosa County, Texas, Ma Kiley worked as a telegraph operator for 40 years in remote locales that ranged from northern Mexico to Saskatchewan, Canada. Along the way, she married five times, and had two children (one of whom died tragically at age two). The name "Ma Kiley" derived from her third husband, John Kiley, and served as a pen name for a series of autobiographical articles entitled "The Bug and I," published in 1950 in Railroad Magazine.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Kleinrock">Kleinrock, Leonard (1934- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Computer scientist who developed the theory of packet-switching, the fundamental new idea underlying computer networking.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Klima">Klima, John</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Artist known for creating dynamic, computer-based representations of numerical information.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhcopy"><br />[<a href="javascript:history.back()">Back</a>][<a href="exh-i-l.html#index">Index</a>][<a href="javascript:closewindow();">Close</a>]</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Lederberg">Lederberg, Joshua (1925-)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Medical researcher who won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1958 for his work on bacterial genetics. Since the 1960s he has been a pioneer in the use of computers and computer networking for biomedical research.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Licklider">Licklider, J. C. R. (1915-1990)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider was a psychologist interested in how humans interacted with machines — and in how humans could use machines to interact with each other. In his work on SAGE and at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), "Lick" encouraged people to think of computers as tools for communication and collaboration.<br /><br />
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Papers: "<a href="http://memex.org/licklider.pdf" target="_blank">The Computer as a Communications Device</a>"
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"<a href="http://memex.org/licklider.pdf" target="_blank">Man-Computer Symbiosis</a>" </font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Lindberg">Lindberg, Donald A. B. (1933- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Pioneer in the use of computers and telecommunications in medicine and current director of the National Library of Medicine. Played a key role in leading the federal government's efforts to improve the nation's computing and communications resources as founding director of the National Coordinating office for High Performance Computing and Communications from 1992-1995.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Lineman">Lineman</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">In telegraphy, a person who puts up and repairs telegraph wires.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="LAN">Local Area Network (LAN) </a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A network of personal computers or workstations, typically connected by Ethernet or similar technologies. A local area network typically does not use packet-switching or IP to transmit messages within itself, though it does use them to transmit messages across the Internet.</font><br /><br />
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<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
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<hr/>
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<div id="archivemeta">
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<strong>First published: </strong>23 October 2001<br/><strong>Last updated: </strong>11 August 2009<br/><strong>Date Archived: </strong>04 January 2012<br/><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20120104/onceandfutureweb/exh-i-l.html&description=full" onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20120104/onceandfutureweb/exh-i-l.html&description=full'); return false;"><strong>Metadata</strong></a> | <strong> <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html"onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html'); return false;">Permanence level</a>: </strong>Permanent: Stable Content<br/>
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