324 lines
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324 lines
28 KiB
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<tr><td width="98%"><font class="exhindex"><a name="index">Index</a>: <a href="exhibition.html">A-B</a> | C-D | <a href="exh-e-h.html">E-H</a> | <a href="exh-i-l.html">I-L</a> | <a href="exh-m-o.html">M-O</a> | <a href="exh-p-s.html">P-S</a> | <a href="exh-t-z.html">T-Z</a> </font></td><td width="2%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" border="0" alt="pop up close image" align="right" /></a></td></tr></table></td>
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<font class="exhhead">C</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Cable">Cable</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Cablegram">Cablegram</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Card">Card Catalog</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Carrier">Carrier Pigeon</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Cathode">Cathode Ray Tube or CRT</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Cerf">Cerf, Vinton (1943- )</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Channing">Channing, Dr. William F. (1820-1901)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Chappe">Chappe, Claude (1763-1805)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Cipher">Cipher Message</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Circuit">Circuit</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Circuitswitching">Circuit-switching</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Code">Code Book</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Cold">Cold War</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#CommDecency">Communications Decency Act of 1996</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#CommTechnology">Communications Technology</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#CommTheory">Communications Theory</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Compiler">Compiler</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#ComputerDevice">Computer as a Communications Device, The</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#ComputerVirus">Computer Virus</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Cooke">Cooke, William Fothergill (1806-1879)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Cookies">Cookies</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Cox">Cox, Donna (1949- )</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Cyberspace">Cyberspace</a><br />
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<br /></font>
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<font class="exhhead">D</font><br />
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<font style='font: 12px/18px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color:#000000'>
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Declaration">Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Dertouzos">Dertouzos, Michael (1936- )</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Digital">Digital Video Disc (DVD)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Digitize">Digitize</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Distant">Distant Early Warning Line (DEW Line)</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#DNA">DNA</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#Drudge">Drudge, Matt (1967- )</a><br />
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<a href="exh-c-d.html#DuBois">Du Bois-Reymond, Emil (1818-1896)</a><br />
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</font><br /><br /><br />
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<tr><td width="90%"><font class="exhhead">C</font></td><td width="10%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" border="0" align="right" alt="popup close image" /></a></td></tr></table></td>
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<td><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Cable">Cable</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">In telegraphy, an encased bundle of insulated copper or iron wires that conducts electrical signals. The first cables were developed to send telegraph messages under bodies of water.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Cablegram">Cablegram</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A telegram transmitted via underwater cable.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Card">Card Catalog</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A set of index cards, kept in small wooden drawers, that refer to books in a library collection. Cards are typically sorted alphabetically by author, title, and subject, and often include descriptive information. Later replaced by computerized catalogs.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Carrier">Carrier Pigeon</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A domestic pigeon especially bred and trained to carry long-distance messages; a type of homing pigeon. Long before the invention of the telegraph, people used homing pigeons to carry short messages over hundreds of miles. The name carrier pigeon refers to a specific breed of large domestic homing pigeon. In the 19th and 20th centuries, carrier pigeons began to be bred for "show" and other types of homing pigeons, sometimes also referred to as "carrier pigeons," did the bulk of messengering.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Cathode">Cathode Ray Tube or CRT</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Device used in display screens, such as those in televisions or computer monitors. A CRT screen creates pictures by firing a stream of electrons (a "cathode ray") at a glass screen covered with a chemical film; the screen lights up where the electrons strike. </font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Cerf">Cerf, Vinton (1943- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Computer scientist best known as co-author (with Robert Kahn) of the TCP/IP protocols for inter-network communication.<br /><br />Paper: "<a href="http://www.worldcom.com/about_the_company/cerfs_up/technical_writings/protocol_paper/" target="_blank">A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication</a>" with Robert Kahn</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Channing">Channing, Dr. William F. (1820-1901)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Boston physician, son of Unitarian minister, William Ellery Channing. In the 1850s, Channing, in collaboration with Moses G. Farmer, invented and developed the first electric fire alarm, an adaptation of the electromagnetic telegraph. First used in Boston in 1852, Channing's fire alarm was quickly adopted by other American cities. See fire alarm telegraph.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Chappe">Chappe, Claude (1763-1805)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">French engineer who developed the first workable optical telegraph. See optical telegraph.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Cipher">Cipher Message</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">An encrypted message. In the 19th century, people often sent telegraph messages in code so that the contents could be kept confidential and as short as possible (one word, number, or collection of letters could substitute for an entire phrase). The compression of messages was vitally important to customers, because they were charged by the word.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Circuit">Circuit</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">In electronics, a closed conductive path followed by an electric current; also a connected configuration of electrical or electromagnetic components or devices.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Circuitswitching">Circuit-switching</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Method of transmitting information across a network typical of telephone systems. A message is transmitted through a circuit-switched network by establishing a single path from source to destination, as between two speakers on a telephone. This single path is kept open for the duration of the conversation. It is contrasted with packet-switching. </font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Code">Code Book</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A book of codes published so that telegraph operators, senders and recipients could keep telegraph messages short and confidential; see also cipher message.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Cold">Cold War</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Worldwide power contest between the Soviet Union and the United States (and their allies) usually defined as lasting from 1947 to 1989.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="CommDecency">Communications Decency Act of 1996</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the Communications Decency Act imposed restrictions on the distribution of pornographic and obscene material on the Internet. These restrictions were held to be unconstitutional violations of free speech by the Supreme Court in 1997.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="CommTechnology">Communications Technology</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Any device or system that expedites the flow of information, for example, the electromagnetic telegraph and the Internet, but also others such as alphabetic writing systems and the printing press.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="CommTheory">Communications Theory</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A highly mathematical field of engineering created by Claude Shannon and devoted to the study of communications systems and networks. Closely related to information theory and very important for computer science, especially computer networking.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Compiler">Compiler</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Computer program that translates between machine language (1s and 0s) and more human-friendly (higher-level) programming languages, such as BASIC, PASCAL, or C.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="ComputerDevice">Computer as a Communications Device, The</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Paper: "<a href="http://memex.org/licklider.pdf" target="_blank">The Computer as a Communications Device</a>"<br /><br /> Author: J. C. R. Licklider<br /><br />
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Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider was a psychologist interested in how humans interacted with machines — and in how humans could use machines to interact with each other. In his work on SAGE and at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), "Lick" encouraged people to think of computers as tools for communication and collaboration.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="ComputerVirus">Computer Virus</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A computer program capable of reproducing itself. A virus is usually harmful to the computer it infects.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Cooke">Cooke, William Fothergill (1806-1879)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">English inventor who developed electric telegraphy. Cooke began his experiments in 1836. Soon afterward, he and Charles Wheatstone formed a partnership and in 1837 were granted their first patent (roughly the same time that Samuel F. B. Morse received his first patent). The Wheatstone-Cooke device, often called the "needle telegraph," employed electromagnetism, but operated on different principles than the Morse telegraph. </font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Cookies">Cookies</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Nickname given to small packages of information that are placed on a computer when one visits a Web site. Cookies are used by Web sites to identify visitors, enabling them to provide personalized services (such as remembering passwords, past purchases, and credit card numbers) as well as to gather personal information.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Cox">Cox, Donna (1949- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Artist known for using computers to create complex animations and visualizations of scientific data.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Cyberspace">Cyberspace</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Term coined in the early 1980s by novelist William Gibson to describe the place where events take place online. Popularized in Gibson's novel, <font class="exhitalic">Neuromancer</font>.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhcopy"><br />[<a href="javascript:history.back()">Back</a>][<a href="exh-c-d.html#index">Index</a>][<a href="javascript:closewindow();">Close</a>]</font><br /><br />
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<tr><td width="90%"><font class="exhhead">D</font></td><td width="10%"><a href="javascript:closewindow();"><img src="images/icon-pop-close.gif" border="0" align="right" alt="pop up close image" /></a></td></tr></table></td>
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Declaration">Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Paper: "<a href="http://www.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html" target="_blank">Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace</a>"<br /><br />
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Author: Barlow, John Perry<br /><br />
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Former songwriter for the Grateful Dead, now a widely read commentator on the Internet and society, especially on the implications of the Internet for the economic and legal status of intellectual property.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Dertouzos">Dertouzos, Michael (1936- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Head of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science and advocate of "human-centered" computing.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Digital">Digital Video Disc (DVD)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Medium used for storing large quantities of digital information, such as digitized movies.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Digitize">Digitize</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">To digitize something is to represent it as a set of numbers. Today, information of all kinds can be digitized and can therefore be processed and transmitted by computers.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Distant">Distant Early Warning Line (DEW Line)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Network of radar stations created in the 1950s to guard against airborne attack. By the end of the 1950s, these stations fed their information to a network of computerized command centers known as SAGE.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="DNA">DNA</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is the material within cells that contains genetic information. </font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="Drudge">Drudge, Matt (1967- )</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">Controversial cyber-journalist known for creating The Drudge Report Web site.</font><br /><br />
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<font class="exhhead"><a name="DuBois">Du Bois-Reymond, Emil (1818-1896)</a></font><br />
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<font class="exhcopy">A German physiologist, known especially for his studies of nerve and muscle action, which demonstrated that measurable electrical impulses accompany muscle action.</font><br /><br />
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<strong>First published: </strong>23 October 2001<br/><strong>Last updated: </strong>11 August 2009<br/><strong>Date Archived: </strong>04 January 2012<br/><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20120104/onceandfutureweb/exh-c-d.html&description=full" onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20120104/onceandfutureweb/exh-c-d.html&description=full'); return false;"><strong>Metadata</strong></a> | <strong> <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html"onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html'); return false;">Permanence level</a>: </strong>Permanent: Stable Content<br/>
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