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<h1>Current Bibliographies in Medicine 2000-1</h1>
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<hr />
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<h1><a id="list" name="list">Health Literacy</a></h1>
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<hr />
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<table cellpadding="10" width="640" border="0">
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<td valign="top" width="150" bgcolor="#dddddd"><font
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face="Arial, Helvetica"><b>Table of Contents</b><br /></font>
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<hr />
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<font face="Arial, Helvetica"><br /><a
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href="hliteracy.html#5">Series
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Note</a><br /><br /><a
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href="hliteracy.html#10"><font size="-1">PDF
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Version of This CBM</font></a><br /><br /><a
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href="hliteracy.html#20">Sample
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Citations</a><br /><br /><a
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href="hliteracy.html#15">Introduction</a><br /><br /><b>Bibliography</b>:<br /><br /></font>
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<p><font face="Arial, Helvetica"><a
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href="hliteracy.html#100">I.
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Background</a></font></p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#110">II.
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Strategies in Health Literacy</a></p>
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<ol type="A">
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#120"><font
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size="-1">Theoretical Constructs</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#130"><font
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size="-1">Applied Communication Strategies</font></a>
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<ol type="1">
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#140"><font
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size="-1">Media</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#150"><font
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size="-1">Negotiation / Policy</font></a> </li></ol></li></ol>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#160">III.
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Tactics</a></p>
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<ol type="A">
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#170"><font
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size="-1">New Technologic Interventions</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#180"><font
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size="-1">Educational Programs</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#190"><font
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size="-1">Readability Indices (Applied)</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#200"><font
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size="-1">Special Populations</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#220"><font
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size="-1">Client Communication</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#240"><font
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size="-1">Disease / Content Specific (e.g., diabetes, tobacco)</font></a>
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</li></ol>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#250">IV.
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Ideas</a></p>
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<ol type="A">
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#260"><font
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size="-1">Theory</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#270"><font
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size="-1">Measurement Techniques</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#280"><font
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size="-1">Communicating Risk</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#290"><font
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size="-1">Cross-Cultural / Cultural Competency</font></a>
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<li><a href="hliteracy.html#300"><font
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size="-1">International Experiences</font></a> </li></ol>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#310">V.
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Internet Resources</a></p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#320">Appendix:
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Readability</a></p><br />
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<hr />
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p></td>
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<td valign="top" width="490">
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<p>January 1990 through October 1999</p>
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<p>479 Citations</p>
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<p>Prepared by<br />Catherine R. Selden, M.L.S., National Library of
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Medicine<br />Marcia Zorn, M.A., M.L.S., National Library of
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Medicine<br />Scott C. Ratzan, M.D., M.P.A., M.A., <i>Journal of Health
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Communication</i>, Academy for Educational Development<br />Ruth M. Parker,
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M.D., Emory University School of Medicine<br /></p>
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<p>2000 February</p>
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<p>U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES<br />Public Health
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Service<br />National Institutes of Health</p>
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<p><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nlmhome.html">National Library of
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Medicine</a><br />Reference Section<br />8600 Rockville Pike<br />Bethesda,
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Maryland 20894</p>
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<hr />
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<p><a name="5"><b>Series Note</b></a></p>
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<p>Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM)
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series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to
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fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from
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searching a variety of online databases. <a
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href="pubs/factsheets/online_databases.html">NLM
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databases</a> utilized include MEDLINE®, AVLINE®, BIOETHICSLINE®,
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CANCERLIT®, CATLINE®, HEALTHSTAR<sup><font size="1">tm</font></sup>,
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POPLINE<sup><font size="-2">tm</font></sup>, and TOXLINE®. The only
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criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its
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relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location
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of the material is not considered.</p>
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<p>Other publications in the <i>Current Bibliographies in Medicine</i>
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series are available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through the
|
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Library's World Wide Web site at <a
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href="pubs/resources.html">pubs/resources.html</a>.</p>
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<p>Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to:</p>
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<p>Karen Patrias, Editor<br />Current Bibliographies in
|
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Medicine<br />Reference Section<br />National Library of Medicine<br />Bethesda,
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MD 20894<br />Phone: 301-496-6097<br />Fax: 301-402-1384<br />Internet: <a
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href="mailto:ref@nlm.nih.gov">ref@nlm.nih.gov</a></p>
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<p><b>PubMed<sup><font size="1">TM</font></sup> and Internet Grateful
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Med®</b></p>
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<p>To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers
|
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two user-friendly interfaces to its databases. Both PubMed and Internet
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|
Grateful Med are available from the World Wide Web. The user with Internet
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|
access need only point a compatible Web browser to the NLM Web site <a
|
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href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nlmhome.html">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nlmhome.html</a>.
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No other software at the user end is required. Searching through either
|
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PubMed or Internet Grateful Med is free-of-charge. Further information on
|
|
both PubMed and Internet Grateful Med may be found at the NLM Web site
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given above.</p>
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<p>For those users without access to the World Wide Web, please contact
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the Library's Customer Service Desk at 1-888-FINDNLM (301-594-5983
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international) or <a
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href="http://apps.nlm.nih.gov/mainweb/siebel/nlm/index.cfm">send
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e-mail</a> for information on alternative ways to search.</p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<hr />
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<p><b><a name="10">PDF Version of This CBM</a></b></p>
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<p>Beginning with the 2000 CBMs, two formats are offered: HyperText Markup
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Language (HTML) and Portable Document Format (PDF). PDF documents require
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the use of the Adobe® Acrobat® Reader, which can be <a
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href="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html">downloaded</a>
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from Adobe's Web site at no charge.</p>
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|
<p>The PDF version of this CBM can be downloaded directly from <a
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|
href="hliteracy.pdf">hliteracy.pdf</a>.</p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<hr />
|
|
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<p><b><a name="20">Sample Citations</a></b></p>
|
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<p>Citations are formatted according to the rules established for <i>Index
|
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Medicus</i>®<b>*</b>. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below.
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For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English
|
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translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title
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is given in the original language. In both cases the language of
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publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end
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of the citation.</p>
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<p><b>Journal Article:</b></p>
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<p><i>Example:</i><br />Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, Clark WS, Nurss J.
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The relationship of patient reading ability to self-reported health and
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use of health services. Am J Public Health 1997 Jun;87(6):1027-30.</p>
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<p><i>Order, with separating punctuation:</i><br />Authors. Article Title.
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Abbreviated Journal Title Date;Volume(Issue):Pages.</p>
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<p><b>Monograph:</b></p>
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<p><i>Example:</i><br />AMC Cancer Research Center; Centers for Disease
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Control and Prevention (US). Beyond the brochure: alternative approaches
|
|
to effective health communication. Denver (CO): The Center; 1994. 74
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p.</p>
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<p><i>Order, with separating punctuation:</i><br />Authors/Editors. Title.
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Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date. Total No. of Pages.</p>
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<p><b>*</b> For details of the formats used for references, see the
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|
following publication:<br />Patrias, Karen. <i>National Library of Medicine
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recommended formats for bibliographic citation</i>. Bethesda (MD): The
|
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Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.</p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<hr />
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<p><a name="15"><b><font size="+2">Introduction</font></b></a></p>
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<hr />
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<p><font size="+1">Health Literacy</font></p>
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<p>As we enter the twenty-first century, medical discovery is advancing at a
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rate unequaled in any previous time, yet Americans have not kept pace in
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adopting ideal health behaviors to live longer, better lives. It took over
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|
twenty-five years with a major long-term initiative by the National Heart, Lung,
|
|
and Blood Institute to get many individuals in this country to know their blood
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pressure level and seek appropriate treatment. Numerous efforts to eliminate
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smoking have achieved only moderate success, and many Americans avoid getting
|
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appropriate medical check-ups for breast, colorectal, and cervical cancer even
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though it might help them live longer. Is the problem that people do not know,
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do not want to know, or just do not care? Perhaps one answer is that they are
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unable to understand and process the health information available to them.</p>
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<p>Americans are reportedly more educated today than at any time in our history.
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According to the 1993 National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), the average
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educational attainment of US adults is above the twelfth grade level. <sup><a
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href="hliteracy.html#01">1</a></sup> However,
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educational level does not necessarily translate into a corresponding level of
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reading or comprehension. Twenty-two percent of the 13,600 adults surveyed for
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the NALS struggle with such tasks as locating the expiration date on a driver's
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license or determining the location of a meeting on a form. Another fifty
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million Americans have only marginal literacy skills, as they have difficulty
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locating an intersection on a street map and identifying and entering background
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information on a social security application. Inadequate literacy is especially
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common among the elderly, with nearly half scoring in the lowest skill level.
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Unfortunately, despite our increasing education, average reading skills of
|
|
adults in the United States are between the eighth and ninth grade levels.
|
|
<sup><a href="hliteracy.html#02">2</a></sup>
|
|
Overall, among the 90 million Americans with limited literacy skills, only 15%
|
|
were born outside the country and 5 % reported having a learning
|
|
disability<sup><a
|
|
href="hliteracy.html#01">1</a></sup>. Literacy
|
|
is also content and setting specific. An individual may have adequate
|
|
understanding of material with familiar content, but struggle to comprehend
|
|
information with unfamiliar vocabulary and concepts.</p>
|
|
<p>What is health literacy? The term was first used in a 1974 paper titled
|
|
<i>Health education as social policy</i>. <sup><a
|
|
href="hliteracy.html#03">3</a></sup> In
|
|
discussing health education as a policy issue affecting the health care system,
|
|
the educational system, and mass communication, the author calls for minimum
|
|
standards for "health literacy" for all school grade levels. This early use of
|
|
the term shows there is a link between health literacy and health education.
|
|
Failures in health education have certainly contributed to poor health literacy,
|
|
but the roots of the health literacy problems in this country are not just in
|
|
the history of our system of education. Health literacy problems have grown as
|
|
patients are asked to assume more responsibility for self-care in a complex
|
|
health care system. Patients' health literacy, then, can be thought of as the
|
|
currency needed to negotiate this complex system.</p>
|
|
<p>Appropriate health literacy is also essential to health promotion,
|
|
particularly as we address issues of primary prevention. A health literate
|
|
individual is more apt to know how to answer the question "How do I keep myself
|
|
well?" Adequate health literacy maybe of even greater importance in secondary
|
|
prevention, as ineffective communication between health providers and patients
|
|
can result in medical errors due to misinformation about medications and
|
|
self-care instructions.</p>
|
|
<p>A 1999 report of the Council of Scientific Affairs of the American Medical
|
|
Association <sup><a
|
|
href="hliteracy.html#04">4</a></sup> refers to
|
|
functional health literacy as "the ability to read and comprehend prescription
|
|
bottles, appointment slips, and the other essential health-related materials
|
|
required to successfully function as a patient." In the largest study of health
|
|
literacy to date,<sup><a
|
|
href="hliteracy.html#05">5</a></sup> one third
|
|
of English-speaking patients at two public hospitals were unable to read basic
|
|
health materials. Forty-two percent of patients could not comprehend directions
|
|
for taking medication on an empty stomach, 26% were unable to understand
|
|
information on an appointment slip, 43% did not understand the rights and
|
|
responsibilities section of a Medicaid application, and 60% did not understand a
|
|
standard informed consent document. A recent study of community-dwelling
|
|
Medicare managed care patients in four cities <sup><a
|
|
href="hliteracy.html#06">6</a></sup> found that
|
|
34% of the English speaking and 54% of the Spanish speaking patients had
|
|
inadequate or marginal health literacy.</p>
|
|
<p>With the proliferation of new media, health information is becoming
|
|
voluminous. Unfortunately health information is also more fragmented and
|
|
confusing due to its many different formats and its duplication in multiple
|
|
locations. Educational multimedia products, electronic communication, advanced
|
|
networking technologies, and distance learning are expanding and hold out the
|
|
promise for increasing health literacy. Some people can use multimedia to learn
|
|
interactively what they might not have learned with traditional print or oral
|
|
instruction alone.</p>
|
|
<p>This bibliography has been compiled to help define and describe the evidence
|
|
base for advancing health literacy programs by examining theories, strategies,
|
|
and tactics in the published literature. For purposes of the bibliography and to
|
|
further the study of health literacy, we have defined health literacy as " the
|
|
degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand
|
|
basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health
|
|
decisions." In compiling this bibliography a variety of government-sponsored and
|
|
commercially available databases as well as the Internet were searched for
|
|
candidate material published within the past ten years. In addition, a number of
|
|
health education and health communication journals were manually searched. Using
|
|
these sources over 3500 citations were retrieved. Those references in which
|
|
health literacy contributed to the definition stated above or evaluated tactics
|
|
and/or strategies to further health literacy were selected. The references were
|
|
then arranged into four broad subject categories: Background; Strategies in
|
|
Health Literacy; Tactics; and Ideas. Following these categories, there is a
|
|
section of Internet Resources. This list is not meant to be all inclusive, but
|
|
rather is intended to provide representative government and private sites which
|
|
will lead the user to additional information. Finally, we have added an Appendix
|
|
of citations on Readability. Generally, items in foreign languages, letters to
|
|
the editor, editorials, and book chapters were eliminated. In addition,
|
|
references focused on communicating with special needs populations, e.g.,
|
|
visually/hearing impaired and psychiatric patients, were eliminated. Most
|
|
references dealing with the physician-patient relationship and truth telling
|
|
were eliminated also.</p>
|
|
<p>The attainment of health literacy for our nation's citizens is a task of
|
|
great magnitude. At this point we have only limited knowledge about which
|
|
learning strategies and tactics are the most viable. We hope that this
|
|
bibliography will provide a foundation for future work in health literacy and
|
|
challenge others to add their efforts to it.</p>
|
|
<p>Scott C. Ratzan, M.D., M.P.A., M.A.<br /><i>Journal of Health
|
|
Communication</i><br />Academy for Educational Development</p>
|
|
<p>Ruth M. Parker, M.D.<br />Emory University School of Medicine<br /></p><br />
|
|
<p>The compilers wish to thank Mary Ryan, Dora Smith, and Karen Patrias of the
|
|
National Library of Medicine for their editorial and production assistance.</p>
|
|
<p>Any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, must include all
|
|
credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct format
|
|
is:<br />Selden, Catherine; Zorn, Marcia; Ratzan, Scott C.; Parker, Ruth M.,
|
|
compilers. Health literacy [bibliography online]. Bethesda (MD): National
|
|
Library of Medicine; 2000 Feb [insert cited year month day in brackets]. [insert
|
|
no. of screens or lines in brackets]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no.
|
|
2000-1). 479 citations from January 1990 through October 1999. Available from:
|
|
<a
|
|
href="pubs/resources.html">pubs/resources.html</a></p>
|
|
<hr align="left" width="550" />
|
|
|
|
<p>References:</p>
|
|
<p><a name="01">1.</a> Kirsch I, Jungeblut A, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult literacy
|
|
in America: a first look at the results of the National Adult Literacy Survey.
|
|
Washington: Department of Education (US), National Center for Education
|
|
Statistics; 1993.</p>
|
|
<p><a name="02">2.</a> Stedman L, Kaestle C. Literacy and reading performance in
|
|
the United States from 1880 to present. In: Kaestle C, editor. Literacy in the
|
|
United States: readers and readings since 1880. New Haven (CT): Yale University
|
|
Press; 1991. p. 75-128.</p>
|
|
<p><a name="03">3.</a> Simonds SK. Health education as social policy. Health Educ
|
|
Monogr 1974;2:1-25.</p>
|
|
<p><a name="04">4.</a> American Medical Association, Council on Scientific
|
|
Affairs, Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy. Health literacy: report of the
|
|
Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 1999 Feb 10;281(6):552-7.</p>
|
|
<p><a name="05">5.</a> Williams MV, Parker RM, Baker DW, Parikh NS, Pitkin K,
|
|
Coates WC, Nurss JR. Inadequate functional health literacy among patients at two
|
|
public hospitals. JAMA 1995 Dec 6; 274(21):1677-82.</p>
|
|
<p><a name="06">6.</a> Gazmararian JA, Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Scott TL,
|
|
Green DC, Fehrenbach SN, Ren J, Koplan JP. Health literacy among Medicare
|
|
enrollees in a managed care organization. JAMA 1999 Feb 10;281(6):545-51.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
|
|
size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="100">I. Background</a></h2>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
|
|
<p>AMC Cancer Research Center; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US).
|
|
Beyond the brochure: alternative approaches to effective health communication.
|
|
Denver (CO): The Center; 1994. 74 p. Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/publica.htm">http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/publica.htm</a></p>
|
|
<p>American Medical Association, Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy for the
|
|
Council on Scientific Affairs. Health literacy: report of the Council on
|
|
Scientific Affairs. JAMA 1999 Feb 10;281(6):552-7.</p>
|
|
<p>Baker DW. Reading between the lines - Deciphering the connections between
|
|
literacy and health. J Gen Intern Med 1999 May;14(5):315-7.</p>
|
|
<p>Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, Clark WS. Health literacy and the risk of
|
|
hospital admission. J Gen Intern Med 1998 Dec;13(12):791-8. Comment in: J Gen
|
|
Intern Med 1998 Dec;13(12):850-1.</p>
|
|
<p>Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, Clark WS, Nurss J. The relationship of
|
|
patient reading ability to self-reported health and use of health services. Am J
|
|
Public Health 1997 Jun;87(6):1027-30.</p>
|
|
<p>Beitz JM. Education for health promotion and disease prevention: convince
|
|
them, don't confuse them. Ostomy Wound Manage 1998 Mar;44(3A Suppl):71S-76S;
|
|
discussion 77S.</p>
|
|
<p>Breen M. Women, literacy and action: a handbook. Toronto: Ontario Literacy
|
|
Coalition; 1991 Feb. 69 p.</p>
|
|
<p>Buck ML. Providing patients with written medication information. Ann
|
|
Pharmacother 1998 Sep;32(9):962-9.</p>
|
|
<p>Cate FH, Blanck PD, Makoul G. Communications in medicine: the Annenberg
|
|
Washington program and a decade of making a difference [monograph on the
|
|
Internet]. Washington: Northwestern University, The Annenberg Washington Program
|
|
in Communications Policy Studies; c1995 [revised 1996 Mar 6; cited 2000 Feb 4].
|
|
Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.annenberg.nwu.edu/pubs/commed/">http://www.annenberg.nwu.edu/pubs/commed/</a></p>
|
|
<p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Center for Chronic Disease
|
|
Prevention and Health Promotion. Literacy and health in the United States:
|
|
selected annotations. Atlanta: CDC; 1991 Mar. 65 p.</p>
|
|
<p>Cresswell PA, Tait EJ, Donaldson LJ. Nomenclature of health care
|
|
organisations: the extent of public understanding. J R Soc Health 1996
|
|
Jun;116(3):180-2.</p>
|
|
<p>Davis TC, Arnold C, Berkel HJ, Nandy I, Jackson RH, Glass J. Knowledge and
|
|
attitude on screening mammography among low-literate, low-income women. Cancer
|
|
1996 Nov 1;78(9):1912-20.</p>
|
|
<p>Davis TC, Crouch MA, Wills G, Miller S, Abdehou DM. The gap between patient
|
|
reading comprehension and the readability of patient education materials. J Fam
|
|
Pract 1990 Nov;31(5):533-8.</p>
|
|
<p>Davis TC, Meldrum H, Tippy PKP, Weiss BD, Williams MV. How poor literacy
|
|
leads to poor health care. Patient Care 1996 Oct 15;30(16):94-119.</p>
|
|
<p>Division of Adult Education and Literacy Clearinghouse bibliography of
|
|
resource materials 1998 [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: Dept. of
|
|
Education (US); [modified 1999 Nov 11; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from:
|
|
http://www.ed.gov/offices/OVAE/bib98.html</p>
|
|
<p>Eng TR, Maxfield A, Patrick K, Deering MJ, Ratzan SC, Gustafson DH. Access to
|
|
health information and support: a public highway or a private road? JAMA 1998
|
|
Oct 21;280(15):1371-5.</p>
|
|
<p>Farrow SC, Charny MC, Lewis PA. People's knowledge of health and disease. J
|
|
Public Health Med 1990 Feb;12(1):2-8. Comment in: J Public Health Med 1991
|
|
Feb;13(1):54.</p>
|
|
<p>Fredrickson DD, Washington RL, Pham N, Jackson T, Wiltshire J, Jecha LD.
|
|
Reading grade levels and health behaviors of parents at child clinics. Kans Med
|
|
1995 Fall;96(3):127-9.</p>
|
|
<p>Gazmararian JA, Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Scott TL, Green DC,
|
|
Fehrenbach SN, Ren J, Koplan JP. Health literacy among Medicare enrollees in a
|
|
managed care organization. JAMA 1999 Feb 10;281(6):545-51.</p>
|
|
<p>Giorgianni ST. Responding to the challenge of health literacy. Pfizer J
|
|
[journal on the Internet]. c 1998,1999 [modified 1999 Dec 13; cited 2000 Feb 4];
|
|
document 5. Available from: <a
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|
href="http://www.pfizer.com/pfizerinc/about/pubs/journal/journal5/coverpage.html">http://www.pfizer.com/pfizerinc/about/pubs/journal/journal5/coverpage.html</a></p>
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|
<p>Hanson C. Computer applications in health enhancement [monograph on the
|
|
Internet]. Billings (MT): Montana State University; 1998 Oct 15 [cited 2000 Jan
|
|
19]. 16 slides. Available from:
|
|
http://www.msubillings.edu/fac/hanson/mahperd/sld001.htm PowerPoint
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|
Presentation.</p>
|
|
<p>Health communication and literacy: an annotated bibliography [monograph on
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|
the Internet]. Montreal: Center for Literacy; [modified 1999 Jun 25; cited 2000
|
|
Jan 19]. Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.nald.ca/province/que/litcent/publication_products/hclbibli/cover.htm">http://www.nald.ca/province/que/litcent/Publication_Products/Hclbibli/cover.htm</a></p>
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|
<p>Irvine C. Health and literacy compendium: an annotated bibliography of print
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|
and Web-based health materials for use with limited-literacy adults [monograph
|
|
on the Internet]. Boston: World Education, Health and Literacy Initiative; 1999
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|
[modified 1999 Jun 11; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: <a
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|
href="http://easternlincs.worlded.org/health/comp/index.html">http://easternlincs.worlded.org/health/comp/index.html</a></p>
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<p>Jackson RH, Davis TC, Bairnsfather LE, George RB, Crouch MA, Gault H. Patient
|
|
reading ability: an overlooked problem in health care. South Med J 1991
|
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Oct;84(10):1172-5.</p>
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<p>Jolly BT, Scott JL, Feied CF, Sanford SM. Functional illiteracy among
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|
emergency department patients: a preliminary study. Ann Emerg Med 1993
|
|
Mar;22(3):573-8.</p>
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|
<p>Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral
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|
therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med 1999
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May;14(5):267-73. Comment in: J Gen Intern Med 1999 May;14(5):315-7.</p>
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<p>Kanonowicz L. National project to publicize link between literacy, health.
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CMAJ 1993 Apr 1;148(7):1201-2. Comment in: CMAJ 1993 Nov 15;149(10):1379,
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|
1382.</p>
|
|
<p>Kirsch IS, Jungeblut A, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult literacy in America: a
|
|
first look at the results of the National Adult Literacy Survey. Washington:
|
|
Dept. of Education (US); 1993. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction
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|
Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED358375.</p>
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|
<p>Lasater L, Mehler PS. The illiterate patient: screening and management. Hosp
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|
Pract (Off Ed) 1998 Apr 15;33(4):163-5, 169-70.</p>
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|
<p>Lee PP. Why literacy matters. Links between reading ability and health. Arch
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|
Ophthalmol 1999 Jan;117(1):100-3.</p>
|
|
<p>Ley P. The use and improvement of written communication in mental health care
|
|
and promotion. Psychol Health Med 1998 Feb;3(1):19-53.</p>
|
|
<p>Logan PD, Schwab RA, Salomone JA 3rd, Watson WA. Patient understanding of
|
|
emergency department discharge instructions. South Med J 1996
|
|
Aug;89(8):770-4.</p>
|
|
<p>Marwick C. Patients' lack of literacy may contribute to billions of dollars
|
|
in higher hospital costs [news]. JAMA 1997 Sep 24;278(12):971-2.</p>
|
|
<p>Mayberry JF, Mayberry MK. Effective instructions for patients. J R Coll
|
|
Physicians Lond 1996 May-Jun;30(3):205-8.</p>
|
|
<p>Mayeaux EJ Jr, Murphy PW, Arnold C, Davis TC, Jackson RH, Sentell T.
|
|
Improving patient education for patients with low literacy skills. Am Fam
|
|
Physician 1996 Jan;53(1):205-11.</p>
|
|
<p>Mazta SR, Ahelluwalia SK. Literacy campaign and health education go hand in
|
|
hand [letter]. World Health Forum 1995;16(2):184-5.</p>
|
|
<p>Miles S, Davis T. Patients who can't read. Implications for the health care
|
|
system [editorial]. JAMA 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1719-20. Comment on: JAMA 1995 Dec
|
|
6;274(21):1677-82.</p>
|
|
<p>Morley G. Functional health literacy: a primer. Princeton (NJ): Center for
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|
Health Care Strategies; 1997 Dec. 9 p.</p>
|
|
<p>Murphy PW, Davis TC, Mayeaux EJ, Sentell T, Arnold C, Rebouche C. Teaching
|
|
nutrition education in adult learning centers: linking literacy, health care,
|
|
and the community. J Community Health Nurs 1996;13(3):149-58.</p>
|
|
<p>National Work Group on Cancer and Literacy. Interview report. Bethesda (MD):
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|
National Cancer Institute; 1993 Nov. 32 p.</p>
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|
<p>National Work Group on Literacy and Health. Communicating with patients who
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|
have limited literacy skills. J Fam Pract 1998 Feb;46(2):168-76.</p>
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|
<p>Perrin B. How does literacy affect the health of Canadians? A profile paper
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[monograph on the Internet]. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government
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|
Serivces Canada; 1998 [modified 1999 Oct 20; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from:
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<a
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href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/healthpromotiondevelopment/pube/literacy-health/literacy.htm">http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/healthpromotiondevelopment/pube/literacy-health/literacy.htm</a></p>
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|
<p>Root J, Stableford S. Easy-to-read consumer communications: a missing link in
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|
Medicaid managed care. J Health Polit Policy Law 1999 Feb;24(1):1-26.</p>
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<p>Roter DL, Rudd RE, Comings J. Patient literacy. A barrier to quality of care
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|
[editorial]. J Gen Intern Med 1998 Dec;13(12):850-1. Comment on: J Gen Intern
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Med 1998 Dec;13(12):791-8.</p>
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|
<p>Sharf BF. Reading the vital signs: research in health care communication.
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Commun Monogr 1993 Mar;60(1):35-41.</p>
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<p>Sissel PA, Hohn MD. Literacy and health communities: potential partners in
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|
practice. New Dir Adult Contin Educ 1996;70:59-71.</p>
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<p>Spandorfer JM, Karras DJ, Hughes LA, Caputo C. Comprehension of discharge
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|
instructions by patients in an urban emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1995
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Jan;25(1):71-4.</p>
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|
<p>Wallerstein N. Health and safety education for workers with low-literacy or
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|
limited-English skills. Am J Ind Med 1992;22(5):751-65.</p>
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|
<p>Weiss BD. Identifying and communicating with patients who have poor literacy
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skills [editorial]. Fam Med 1993 Jun;25(6):369-70.</p>
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<p>Weiss BD, Hart G, Pust RE. The relationship between literacy and health. J
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Health Care Poor Underserved 1991 Spring;1(4):351-63.</p>
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|
<p>Williams MV, Parker RM, Baker DW, Parikh NS, Pitkin K, Coates WC, Nurss JR.
|
|
Inadequate functional health literacy among patients at two public hospitals.
|
|
JAMA 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1677-82. Comment in: JAMA 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1719-20;
|
|
JAMA 1996 Mar 20;275(11):840.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
|
|
size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="110">II. Strategies in Health Literacy</a></h2>
|
|
<h3><a name="120">II. A. Theoretical Constructs</a></h3>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
|
|
<p>Clear & simple: developing effective print materials for low-literate
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|
readers. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 1994 Dec. 65 p. Available
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|
from: <a
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|
href="http://rex.nci.nih.gov/NCI_Pub_Interface/Clear_and_Simple/HOME.HTM">http://rex.nci.nih.gov/NCI_Pub_Interface/Clear_and_Simple/HOME.HTM</a></p>
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|
<p>Doak CC, Doak LG, Friedell GH, Meade CD. Improving comprehension for cancer
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|
patients with low literacy skills: strategies for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin
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1998 May-Jun;48(3):151-62.</p>
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|
<p>Doak CC, Doak LG, Root JH. Teaching patients with low literacy skills.
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|
Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co.; 1996.</p>
|
|
<p>Freimuth VS, Edgar T, Fitzpatrick MA. The role of communication in health
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|
promotion. Commun Res 1993;20:509-16.</p>
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|
<p>Freimuth VS, Mettger W. Is there a hard-to-reach audience? Public Health Rep
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1990 May-Jun;105(3):232-8.</p>
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<p>Gollop CJ. Health information-seeking behavior and older African American
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|
women. Bull Med Libr Assoc 1997 Apr;85(2):141-6.</p>
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<p>Hawe P, McKenzie N, Scurry R. Randomised controlled trial of the use of a
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modified postal reminder card on the uptake of measles vaccination. Arch Dis
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Child 1998 Aug;79(2):136-40.</p>
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<p>Hohn MD. Empowerment health education in adult literacy: a guide for public
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|
health and adult literacy practitioners, policy makers and funders [monograph on
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|
the Internet]. Washington: National Institute for Literacy; 1998 [cited 2000 Jan
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|
19]. Available from: <a
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|
href="http://www.nifl.gov/hohn/HOHN.HTM">http://www.nifl.gov/hohn/HOHN.HTM</a></p>
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|
<p>National health education standards [monograph on the Internet]. Atlanta:
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|
American Cancer Society; [modified 1999 Jun 24; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available
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|
from: <a
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|
href="http://www.cancer.org/cshe/cshe.html">http://www.cancer.org/cshe/cshe.html</a></p>
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|
<p>Rogers EM. The field of health communication today: an up-to-date report. J
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|
Health Commun 1996;1:15-23.</p>
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|
<p>Rudd RE, Comings JP. Learner developed materials: an empowering product.
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|
Health Educ Q 1994 Fall;21(3):313-27.</p>
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|
<p>Theory at a glance: a guide for health promotion practice [monograph on the
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|
Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; [modified 1997 Oct 16;
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|
cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: <a
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href="http://rex.nci.nih.gov/NCI_Pub_Interface/Theory_at_glance/HOME.html">http://rex.nci.nih.gov/NCI_Pub_Interface/Theory_at_glance/HOME.html</a></p>
|
|
<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<h3><a name="130">II B. Applied Communication Strategies</a></h3>
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<h3><a name="140">II. B. 1. Media</a></h3>
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<hr />
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<p>Agre P, McKee K, Gargon N, Kurtz RC. Patient satisfaction with an informed
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consent process. Cancer Pract 1997 May-Jun;5(3):162-7.</p>
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<p>Anderson C, Todd J. Use of leaflets and posters. Pharm J 1994 Aug
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20;253:254-6.</p>
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<p>Davis TC, Berkel HJ, Arnold CL, Nandy I, Jackson RH, Murphy PW. Intervention
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to increase mammography utilization in a public hospital. J Gen Intern Med 1998
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Apr;13(4):230-3. Comment in: J Gen Intern Med 1998 Nov;13(11):786.</p>
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<p>Davis TC, Bocchini JA Jr, Fredrickson D, Arnold C, Mayeaux EJ, Murphy PW,
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Jackson RH, Hanna N, Paterson M. Parent comprehension of polio vaccine
|
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information pamphlets. Pediatrics 1996 Jun;97(6 Pt 1):804-10.</p>
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<p>Davis TC, Fredrickson DD, Arnold C, Murphy PW, Herbst M, Bocchini JA. A polio
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immunization pamphlet with increased appeal and simplified language does not
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improve comprehension to an acceptable level. Patient Educ Counsel
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1998;33:25-37.</p>
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<p>el-Shazly MK, Farghaly NF, Abou Khatwa SA, Ibrahim AG. Comparative study of
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mothers' knowledge of children immunization before and after mass media. J Egypt
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Public Health Assoc 1991;66(5-6):609-24.</p>
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<p>Lerman C, Hanjani P, Caputo C, Miller S, Delmoor E, Nolte S, Engstrom P.
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Telephone counseling improves adherence to colposcopy among lower-income
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minority women. J Clin Oncol 1992 Feb;10(2):330-3.</p>
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<p>Maynard AM. Preparing readable patient education handouts. J Nurses Staff Dev
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1999 Jan-Feb;15(1):11-8.</p>
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<p>Plimpton S, Root J. Materials and strategies that work in low literacy health
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communication. Public Health Rep 1994 Jan-Feb;109(1):86-92.</p>
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<p>Ratzan SC, Payne JG, Massett HA. Effective health message design. Am Behav
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Sci 1994 Nov;38(2):294-309.</p>
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<p>Sitthi-amorn C, Ngamvithayapongse J. The role of media and communication in
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improving the use of drugs and other technologies. Int J Technol Assess Health
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Care 1998 Winter;14(1):71-80.</p>
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<p>Struempler BJ, Marshall AC. Gem no. 293. Using low-literacy newsletters to
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provide nutrition education for limited-resource individuals. J Nutr Educ 1999
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Jan-Feb;31(1):60C-61C .</p>
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<p>Tracey P. Limited literacy: challenge to patient education. Pharm Exec 1998
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Mar;18:88-90, 92.</p>
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<p>Wallack L. Media advocacy: a strategy for empowering people and communities.
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J Public Health Policy 1994 Winter;15(4):420-36.</p>
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<p>Wingand RT. Health information dissemination in the information age: Media,
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messages and roles. Communications 1994;19(2-3):209-22.</p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<hr />
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<h3><a name="150">II. B. 2. Negotiation/Policy</a></h3>
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<hr />
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<p>Batalden PB, Cronenwett LR, Brown LL, Moffatt C, Serrell NP. Collaboration in
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improving care for patients: how can we find out what we haven't been able to
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figure out yet? Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1998 Oct;24(10):609-18.</p>
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<p>Blenkinsopp A, Bashford J, Dickinson D. Partnership with patients: health
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professionals need to identify how much information patients want. BMJ 1998 Aug
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8;317:413-4.</p>
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<p>Braddock CH 3rd, Fihn SD, Levinson W, Jonsen AR, Pearlman RA. How doctors and
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patients discuss routine clinical decisions. Informed decision making in the
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outpatient setting. J Gen Intern Med 1997 Jun;12(6):339-45. Comment in: J Gen
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Intern Med 1997 Jun;12(6):397-8.</p>
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<p>Bradley EH, Rizzo JA. Public information and private search: evaluating the
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Patient Self-Determination Act. J Health Polit Policy Law 1999
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Apr;24(2):239-73.</p>
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<p>Brownson K. Literacy: a problem that managers must handle. Hosp Mater Manage
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Q 1998 Aug;20(1):37-47.</p>
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<p>Buetow S. Four strategies for negotiated care. J R Soc Med 1998
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Apr;91(4):199-201. Comment in: J R Soc Med 1998 Aug;91(8):454.</p>
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<p>Degner LF, Sloan JA. Decision making during serious illness: what role do
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patients really want to play? J Clin Epidemiol 1992 Sep;45(9):941-50.</p>
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<p>Fisch M, Unverzagt F, Hanna M, Bledsoe P, Menke C, Cornetta K. Information
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preferences, reading ability, and emotional changes in outpatients during the
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process of obtaining informed consent for autologous bone-marrow
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transplantation. J Cancer Educ 1998 Summer;13(2):71-5.</p>
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<p>Geissler B. Literacy-health partnerships that work. Adult Learn 1994
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Jul-Aug;5(6):21-2, 26.</p>
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<p>Needlman R, Fried LE, Morley DS, Taylor S, Zuckerman B. Clinic-based
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intervention to promote literacy. A pilot study. Am J Dis Child 1991
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Aug;145(8):881-4.</p>
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<p>Smith-Nonini S. "Popular" health and the state: dialectics of the peace
|
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process in El Salvador. Soc Sci Med 1997 Mar;44(5):635-45.</p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<hr />
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<h2><a name="160">III. Tactics</a></h2>
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<h3><a name="170">III. A. New Technologic Interventions</a></h3>
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<hr />
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<p>Ah-Fat FG, Sharma MC, Damato BE. Taping outpatient consultations: a survey of
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attitudes and responses of adult patients with ocular malignancy. Eye 1998;12(Pt
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5):789-91.</p>
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<p>Bader SA, Braude RM. "Patient informatics": creating new partnerships in
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medical decision making. Acad Med 1998 Apr;73(4):408-11.</p>
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<p>Brown SJ, Lieberman DA, Germeny BA, Fan YC, Wilson DM, Pasta DJ. Educational
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video game for juvenile diabetes: results of a controlled trial. Med Inform
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(Lond) 1997 Jan-Mar;22(1):77-89.</p>
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<p>Eng TR, Gustafson DH, editors. Wired for health and well-being: the emergence
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of interactive health communication [monograph on the Internet]. Washington:
|
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Dept. of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Disease Prevention and Health
|
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Promotion, Science Panel on Interactive Health Communication; 1999 Apr [modified
|
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1999 Dec 13; cited 2000 Jan]. Available from:
|
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http://www.scipich.org/pubs/finalreport.htm</p>
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<p>Evans JH, Collier J, Crook I, Garrud P, Harris P, MacKinlay DR, Redsell SA.
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Using multimedia for patient information--a program about nocturnal enuresis. Br
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J Urol 1998 May;81 Suppl 3:120-2.</p>
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<p>Ferguson T. Health online and the empowered medical consumer. Jt Comm J Qual
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Improv 1997 May;23(5):251-7.</p>
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<p>Green MJ, Fost N. An interactive computer program for educating and
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counseling patients about genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. J Cancer Educ
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1997 Winter;12(4):204-8.</p>
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<p>Houts PS, Bachrach R, Witmer JT, Tringali CA, Bucher JA, Localio RA. Using
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pictographs to enhance recall of spoken medical instructions. Patient Educ Couns
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1998 Oct;35(2):83-8.</p>
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<p>Kenny T, Wilson RG, Purves IN, Clark J Sr, Newton LD, Newton DP, Moseley DV.
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A PIL for every ill? Patient information leaflets (PILs): a review of past,
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present and future use. Fam Pract 1998 Oct;15(5):471-9.</p>
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<p>Krishna S, Balas EA, Spencer DC, Griffin JZ, Boren SA. Clinical trials of
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interactive computerized patient education: implications for family practice. J
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Fam Pract 1997 Jul;45(1):25-33.</p>
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<p>Mandl KD, Katz SB, Kohane IS. Social equity and access to the World Wide Web
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and E-mail: implications for design and implementation of medical applications.
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Proc AMIA Symp 1998:215-9.</p>
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<p>McLean DD. Use of computer-based technology in health physical education,
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recreation, and dance. In: ERIC digests [database on the Internet]. Washington:
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Dept. of Education (US), ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education;
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1996 Feb [cited 2000 Jan 15]. [3.5 p.]. Available from: <a
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href="http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed390874.html">http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed390874.html</a>
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Also available from ERIC, Washington, DC; ED390874.</p>
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<p>Morowitz HJ. Scientific literacy. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1995 Nov
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15;30(11):17-8.</p>
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<p>Murphy KR. Computer-based patient education. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1998
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Apr;31(2):309-17.</p>
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<p>Patyk M, Gaynor S, Kelly J, Ott V. Touch-screen computerized education for
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patients with brain injuries. Rehabil Nurs 1998 Mar-Apr;23(2):84-7.</p>
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<p>Sechrest RC, Henry DJ. Computer-based patient education: observations on
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effective communication in the clinical setting. J Biocommun
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1996;23(1):8-12.</p>
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<p>Skinner H, Morrison M, Bercovitz K, Haans D, Jennings MJ, Magdenko L, Polzer
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J, Smith L, Weir N. Using the Internet to engage youth in health promotion.
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Promot Educ 1997 Dec;4(4):23-5.</p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<hr />
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<h3><a name="180">III. B. Educational Programs</a></h3>
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<hr />
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<p>Adult Literacy and Basic Skills Unit. Making it happen: improving basic
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skills within the Health Service. London: The Unit; 1994 Mar.</p>
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<p>Almquist NL, Bisson S, Wynia A. Bringing an early pediatric literacy program
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to the clinic setting. J Pediatr Health Care 1998 Sep-Oct;12(5):276-9.</p>
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<p>Association for the Advancement of Health Education. National Health
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Education Standards: achieving health literacy. Washington: The Association;
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1995. 90 p. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA;
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No. ED386418.</p>
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<p>Austin PE, Matlack R 2nd, Dunn KA, Kesler C, Brown CK. Discharge
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instructions: do illustrations help our patients understand them? Ann Emerg Med
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1995 Mar;25(3):317-20.</p>
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<p>Berger D, Inkelas M, Myhre S, Mishler A. Developing health education
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|
materials for inner-city low literacy parents. Public Health Rep 1994
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|
Mar-Apr;109(2):168-72.</p>
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<p>Business Council for Effective Literacy. Basic skills and the health care
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industry. New York: The Council; 1993 May. 13 p. (BCEL brief).</p>
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<p>California Healthy Kids Resource Center [homepage on the Internet]. Hayward
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(CA): The Center; c1998-2000 [cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: <a
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href="http://www.hkresources.org/">http://www.hkresources.org/</a> Funded by the
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California State Department of Education.</p>
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<p>California State Dept. of Education. Health framework for California public
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schools kindergarten through grade twelve. Sacramento (CA): California Dept. of
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Education, Bureau of Publications; 1994. 245 p.</p>
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<p>Carman PS, Van Horn B, Grumm M. Rosalie's neighborhood. A health literacy
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series for parents with young children. Washington: National Institute for
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Literacy Clearinghouse; 1997. 230 p.</p>
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<p>Cedraschi C, Reust P, Lorenzi-Cioldi F, Vischer TL. The gap between back pain
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patients' prior knowledge and scientific knowledge and its evolution after a
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back school teaching programme: a quantitative evaluation. Patient Educ Couns
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1996 Apr;27(3):235-46.</p>
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|
<p>Child safety: a healthy start. Teacher's guide. Albany (NY): New York State
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Education Dept.; 1996. 87 p.</p>
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|
<p>Community Outreach Education Program [homepage on the Internet]. Research
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Triangle Park (NC): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences;
|
|
[updated 1999 Jun 25; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: <a
|
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href="http://www.niehs.nih.gov/centers/coep/coepcver.htm">http://www.niehs.nih.gov/centers/coep/coepcver.htm</a></p>
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<p>Corrarino JE, Walsh PJ, Anselmo D. A program to educate woman who test
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positive for the hepatitis B virus during the perinatal period. MCN Am J Matern
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|
Child Nurs 1999 May-Jun;24(3):151-5.</p>
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<p>Curran-Everett D. Hearts, lungs, and children: a physiologist returns to
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|
kindergarten. Am J Physiol 1995 Dec;269(6 Pt 3):S32-6.</p>
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|
<p>Davidhizar R, Bechtel G, Dowd SB. Patient education: a mandate for health
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|
care in the 21st century... part 1. J Nucl Med Technol 1998 Dec;26(4):235-41,
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243-4.</p>
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<p>de Oliveira MA, Bruno VF, Ballini LS, BritoJardim JR, Fernandes AL.
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Evaluation of an educational program for asthma control in adults. J Asthma
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1997;34(5):395-403.</p>
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<p>Delp C, Jones J. Communicating information to patients: the use of cartoon
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illustrations to improve comprehension of instructions. Acad Emerg Med 1996
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Mar;3(3):264-70. Comment in: Acad Emerg Med 1996 Mar;3(3):200-1.</p>
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<p>Educational programs that work: the catalog of the National Diffusion Network
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|
[monograph on the Internet]. Washington: Dept. of Education (US); 1995 [cited
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|
2000 Jan 19]. Available from: <a
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href="http://www.ed.gov/pubs/EPTW/eptw9/">http://www.ed.gov/pubs/EPTW/eptw9/</a>
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Section 9, Health/Physical Education.</p>
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<p>Exercise: benefits for body and mind. Teacher's guide. Albany (NY): New York
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State Education Dept.; 1993. 36 p. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction
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|
Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED362758.</p>
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<p>Fain JA. Assessing nutrition education in clients with weak literacy skills.
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Nurse Pract Forum 1994 Mar;5(1):52-5.</p>
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<p>Fallowfield L, Lipkin M, Hall A. Teaching senior oncologists communication
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skills: results from phase I of a comprehensive longitudinal program in the
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United Kingdom. J Clin Oncol 1998 May;16(5):1961-8.</p>
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<p>Fouad MN, Kiefe CI, Bartolucci AA, Burst NM, Ulene V, Harvey MR. A
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hypertension control program tailored to unskilled and minority workers. Ethn
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Dis 1997 Autumn;7(3):191-9.</p>
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<p>Garden AL, Merry AF, Holland RL, Petrie KJ. Anaesthesia information--what
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patients want to know. Anaesth Intensive Care 1996 Oct;24(5):594-8.</p>
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<p>Harlander C, Ruccione K. Fotoplatica: an innovative teaching method for
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families with low literacy and high stress. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 1993
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Jul;10(3):112-4.</p>
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<p>Harper P, Van Riper S. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a patient
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|
education model for the illiterate patient. Crit Care Nurse 1993
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Apr;13(2):55-9.</p>
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<p>Hartman TJ, McCarthy PR, Park RJ, Schuster E, Kushi LH. Focus group responses
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of potential participants in a nutrition education program for individuals with
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limited literacy skills. J Am Diet Assoc 1994 Jul;94(7):744-8.</p>
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<p>Hartman TJ, McCarthy PR, Park RJ, Schuster E, Kushi LH. Results of a
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community-based low-literacy nutrition education program. J Community Health
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1997 Oct;22(5):325-41.</p>
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<p>Health education and adult literacy [homepage on the Internet]. Boston: World
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Education, Inc.; [modified 2000 Jan 5; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: <a
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href="http://www.worlded.org/us/health/heal/">http://www.worlded.org/us/health/heal/</a></p>
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<p>Health literacy for all students: the Rhode Island health education framework
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[monograph on the Internet]. Narragansett (RI): Rhode Island Dept. of Elementary
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and Secondary Education; [modified 1998 Jun 24; cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available
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from: <a
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href="http://www.ri.net/RIDE/health/Framework.html">http://www.ri.net/RIDE/health/Framework.html</a></p>
|
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<p>HealthLinks [homepage on the Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts
|
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Corporation for Educational Telecommunications; c1996 [modified 1999 Apr 27;
|
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cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www.mcet.edu/healthlinks/ Funded by
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the U.S. Dept. of Education.</p>
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<p>Hollis NE, Canterbury MA. Health care consumer education: alternative
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teaching methods. Home Care Provid 1996 May-Jun;1(3):143-5.</p>
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<p>Howard-Pitney B, Winkleby MA, Albright CL, Bruce B, Fortmann SP. The Stanford
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Nutrition Action Program: a dietary fat intervention for low-literacy adults. Am
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J Public Health 1997 Dec;87(12):1971-6.</p>
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<p>Macario E, Emmons KM, Sorensen G, Hunt MK, Rudd RE. Factors influencing
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nutrition education for patients with low literacy skills. J Am Diet Assoc 1998
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May;98(5):559-64.</p><!--
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<p>Massachusetts comprehensive health curriculum framework [monograph on the Internet]. Boston: Massachusetts Dept. of Education; 1999 Oct [cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: <a href="http://www.doe.mass.edu/frameworks/health99/toc.html">http://www.doe.mass.edu/frameworks/health99/toc.html</a></p>
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UPDATED WITH LINK BELOW ON SEPTEMBER 21, 2005
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-->
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<p>Massachusetts comprehensive health curriculum framework [monograph on the
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Internet]. Boston: Massachusetts Dept. of Education; 1999 Oct [cited 2000 Jan
|
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20]. Available from: <a
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|
href="http://www.doe.mass.edu/frameworks/health/1999/">http://www.doe.mass.edu/frameworks/health/1999/</a></p>
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<p>National Institute for Literacy. Literacy for health: improving health in the
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inner city: final report and curriculum modules. Chicago: University of
|
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Illinois; 1994 Feb 7. 203 p. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service,
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Springfield, VA; No. ED404436.</p>
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<p>NIEHS Center of Excellence [homepage on the Internet]. Piscataway (NJ):
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Rutgers, The State University; [modified 1999 Dec 6; cited 2000 Feb 11].
|
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Available from: <a
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href="http://www.eohsi.rutgers.edu/niehs/niehs.html">http://www.eohsi.rutgers.edu/niehs/niehs.html</a></p>
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<p>Norton M, Horne T. The wholeness of the individual: linking literacy and
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health through participatory education. Alberta J Educ Res 1998
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Summer;44(2):245-47.</p>
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<p>OCPS core curriculum: HEALTH [monograph on the Internet]. Orlando (FL):
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Orange County Public Schools; 1999 [modified 1999 Dec 19; cited 2000 Jan 19].
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Available from: http://www.ocps.k12.fl.us/framework/hl/index.htm</p>
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<p>Revell L. Understanding, identifying, and teaching the low-literacy patient.
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Semin Perioper Nurs 1994 Jul;3(3):168-71.</p>
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<p>Roberts-Gray C, Solomon T, Gottlieb N, Kelsey E. Heart Partners: a strategy
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for promoting effective diffusion of school health promotion programs. J Sch
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Health 1998 Mar;68(3):106-10.</p>
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<p>Rudd RE, Zacharia C, Daube K. Integrating health and literacy: adult
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educators' experiences. Boston (MA): NCSALL/World Education; 1998. 20 p. (NCSALL
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Reports; no.5).</p>
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<p>Schinnow L. Literacy and health education. Final Report. Marshalltown (IA):
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Iowa Valley Community Coll. District; 1990 Nov. 110 p. Available from: ERIC
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Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED345042.</p>
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<p>Science + literacy: drug education partnership. Project & materials
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[monograph on the Internet]. Washington: American Association for the
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Advancement of Science; [modified 1998 Oct 15; cited 2000 Feb 10]. Available
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from: <a
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href="http://ehrweb.aaas.org/ehr/scilit/500.htm">http://ehrweb.aaas.org/ehr/scilit/500.htm</a></p>
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<p>Smith NL, Croft JB, Heath GW, Cokkinides V. Changes in cardiovascular disease
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knowledge and behavior in a low-education population of African-American and
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white adults. Ethn Dis 1996 Autumn;6(3-4):244-54.</p>
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<p>Summerfield LM. National standards for school health education. In: ERIC
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digests [database on the Internet]. Washington: Dept. of Education (US), ERIC
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Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education; 1995 Oct [revised 1996 Jul 11;
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cited 2000 Jan 31]. [10 screens]. Available from: <a
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href="http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed387483.html">http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed387483.html</a></p>
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<p>Weiss BD, Reed RL, Kligman EW. Literacy skills and communication methods of
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low-income older persons. Patient Educ Couns 1995 May;25(2):109-19.</p>
|
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<p>Winkleby MA, Howard-Pitney B, Albright CA, Bruce B, Kraemer HC, Fortmann SP.
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Predicting achievement of a low-fat diet: a nutrition intervention for adults
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|
with low literacy skills. Prev Med 1997 Nov-Dec;26(6):874-82.</p>
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<p>Zweifler J, Gonzalez AM. Teaching residents to care for culturally diverse
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|
populations. Acad Med 1998 Oct;73(10):1056-61.</p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
|
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
|
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<hr />
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|
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<h3><a name="190">III. C. Readability Indices (Applied)</a></h3>
|
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<hr />
|
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|
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<p>Bartek PA . Increasing subject comprehension of the informed consent form.
|
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Drug Inf J 1995;29(1):91-8.</p>
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<p>Bjorn E, Rossel P, Holm S. Can the written information to research subjects
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be improved?--an empirical study. J Med Ethics 1999 Jun;25(3):263-7.</p>
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<p>Busselman KM, Holcomb CA. Reading skill and comprehension of the dietary
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guidelines by WIC participants. J Am Diet Assoc 1994 Jun;94(6):622-5.</p>
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<p>Butow P, Brindle E, McConnell D, Boakes R, Tattersall M. Information booklets
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about cancer: factors influencing patient satisfaction and utilization. Patient
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Educ Couns 1998 Feb;33(2):129-41.</p>
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<p>Cardinal BJ, Seidler TL. Readability and comprehensibility of the "exercise
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lite" brochure. Percept Mot Skills 1995 Apr;80(2):399-402.</p>
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<p>Cooley ME, Moriarty H, Berger MS, Selm-Orr D, Coyle B, Short T. Patient
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literacy and the readability of written cancer educational materials. Oncol Nurs
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Forum 1995 Oct;22(9):1345-51. Comment in: Oncol Nurs Forum 1996
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Apr;23(3):421.</p>
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<p>Davis TC, Holcombe RF, Berkel HJ, Pramanik S, Divers SG. Informed consent for
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clinical trials: a comparative study of standard versus simplified forms. J Natl
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Cancer Inst 1998 May 6;90(9):668-74. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1998 May
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6;90(9):644-5.</p>
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<p>Davis TC, Mayeaux EJ, Fredrickson D, Bocchini JA Jr, Jackson RH, Murphy PW.
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Reading ability of parents compared with reading level of pediatric patient
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|
education materials. Pediatrics 1994 Mar;93(3):460-8.</p>
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<p>Directory of plain language health information [monograph on the Internet].
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Ottawa: Canadian Public Health Association, National Literacy and Health
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Program; 1999 [modified 2000 Jan 13; cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: <a
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href="http://www.pls.cpha.ca/">http://www.pls.cpha.ca/</a></p>
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|
<p>Dixon E, Park R. Do patients understand written health information? Nurs
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Outlook 1990 Nov-Dec;38(6):278-81.</p>
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<p>Dowe MC, Lawrence PA, Carlson J, Keyserling TC. Patients' use of
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health-teaching materials at three readability levels. Appl Nurs Res 1997
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May;10(2):86-93.</p>
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<p>Ebrahimzadeh H, Davalos R, Lee PP. Literacy levels of ophthalmic patient
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|
education materials. Surv Ophthalmol 1997 Sep-Oct;42(2):152-6.</p>
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|
<p>Estey A, Musseau A, Keehn L. Comprehension levels of patients reading health
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|
information. Patient Educ Couns 1991;18(2):165-9.</p>
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<p>Estey A, Musseau A, Keehn L. Patient's understanding of health information: a
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|
multihospital comparison. Patient Educ Couns 1994 Aug;24(1):73-8.</p>
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|
<p>Farley D . Making it easier to read prescriptions. FDA Consum 1995
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Jul-Aug;29:25-7.</p>
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<p>Fisher E. Low literacy levels in adults: implications for patient education.
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J Contin Educ Nurs 1999 Mar-Apr;30(2):56-61.</p>
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<p>French KS, Larrabee JH. Relationships among educational material readability,
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client literacy, perceived beneficence, and perceived quality. J Nurs Care Qual
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1999 Aug;13(6):68-82.</p>
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<p>Graber MA, Roller CM, Kaeble B. Readability levels of patient education
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material on the World Wide Web. J Fam Pract 1999 Jan;48(1):58-61.</p>
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<p>Hochhauser M. Informed consent and patient's rights documents: A right, a
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rite, or a rewrite? Ethics Behav 1999;9(1):1-20.</p>
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<p>Jolly BT, Scott JL, Sanford SM. Simplification of emergency department
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discharge instructions improves patient comprehension. Ann Emerg Med 1995
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Oct;26(4):443-6.</p>
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<p>Jubelirer SJ, Linton JC, Magnetti SM. Reading versus comprehension:
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implications for patient education and consent in an outpatient oncology clinic.
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J Cancer Educ 1994;9(1):26-9.</p>
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<p>Meade CD, Howser DM. Consent forms: how to determine and improve their
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readability. Oncol Nurs Forum 1992 Nov-Dec;19(10):1523-8.</p>
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<p>Michielutte R, Bahnson J, Dignan MB, Schroeder EM. The use of illustrations
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and narrative text style to improve readability of a health education brochure.
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J Cancer Educ 1992;7(3):251-60.</p>
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<p>Overland JE, Hoskins PL, McGill MJ, Yue DK. Low literacy: a problem in
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diabetes education. Diabet Med 1993 Nov;10(9):847-50.</p>
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<p>Philipson SJ, Doyle MA, Gabram SG, Nightingale C, Philipson EH. Informed
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consent for research: a study to evaluate readability and processability to
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effect change. J Investig Med 1995 Oct;43(5):459-67.</p>
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<p>Reid JC, Ringenberg QS, Kardash CM, Robinson RD, Scholes R, Kunz C. Why are
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some pamphlets hard for patients to read? Mo Med 1994 Sep;91(9):589-92.</p>
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<p>TenHave TR, Van Horn B, Kumanyika S, Askov E, Matthews Y, Adams-Campbell LL.
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Literacy assessment in a cardiovascular nutrition education setting. Patient
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Educ Couns 1997 Jun;31(2):139-50.</p>
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|
<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
|
|
size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
|
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<h3><a name="200">III. D. Special Populations</a></h3>
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|
<hr />
|
|
|
|
<p>Baker FM, Johnson JT, Velli SA, Wiley C. Congruence between education and
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reading levels of older persons. Psychiatr Serv 1996 Feb;47(2):194-6.</p>
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<p>Bushnell FK. Self-care teaching for congestive heart failure patients. J
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Gerontol Nurs 1992 Oct;18(10):27-32.</p>
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<p>Calabro K, Taylor WC, Kapadia A. Pregnancy, alcohol use and the effectiveness
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of written health education materials. Patient Educ Couns 1996
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Dec;29(3):301-9.</p>
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<p>Carlsson ME, Strang PM. How patients with gynecological cancer experience the
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information process. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1998 Dec;19(4):192-201.</p>
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<p>Christensen RC, Grace GD. The prevalence of low literacy in an indigent
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|
psychiatric population. Psychiatr Serv 1999 Feb;50(2):262-3.</p>
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<p>Christensen TP, Ascione FJ, Bagozzi RP. Understanding how elderly patients
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|
process drug information: a test of a theory of information processing. Pharm
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Res 1997 Nov;14(11):1589-96.</p>
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<p>Communicating with older people. Nurs Stand 1997 Jan 8;11(16):48-54; quiz
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|
55-6.</p>
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|
<p>Davis TC, Jackson RH, George RB, Long SW, Talley D, Murphy PW, Mayeaux EJ,
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|
Truong T. Reading ability in patients in substance misuse treatment centers. Int
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J Addict 1993 May;28(6):571-82.</p>
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|
<p>DiFlorio I. Mothers' comprehension of terminology associated with the care of
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a newborn baby. Pediatr Nurs 1991 Mar-Apr;17(2):193-6.</p>
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<p>Forcinio H . Packaging solutions that help patient compliance. Pharm Technol
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1993 Mar;17:44, 46, 48, 50.</p>
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<p>Gazmararian JA, Parker RM, Baker DW. Reading skills and family planning
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knowledge and practices in a low-income managed-care population. Obstet Gynecol
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1999 Feb;93(2):239-44.</p>
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<p>Guidry JJ, Fagan P, Walker V. Cultural sensitivity and readability of breast
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Natl Med Assoc 1998 Mar;90(3):165-9.</p>
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<p>Hayes KS. Randomized trial of geragogy-based medication instruction in the
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emergency department. Nurs Res 1998 Jul-Aug;47(4):211-8.</p>
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<p>Hosey GM, Freeman WL, Stracqualursi F, Gohdes D. Designing and evaluating
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diabetes education material for American Indians. Diabetes Educ 1990
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Sep-Oct;16(5):407-14.</p>
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<p>Hussey LC. Overcoming the clinical barriers of low literacy and medication
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noncompliance among the elderly. J Gerontol Nurs 1991 Mar;17(3):27-9.</p>
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<p>Jackson RH, Davis TC, Murphy P, Bairnsfather LE, George RB. Reading
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deficiencies in older patients. Am J Med Sci 1994 Aug;308(2):79-82.</p>
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<p>Johnson ME, Fisher DG, Davis DC, Cagle HH. Reading abilities of drug users in
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Anchorage, Alaska. J Drug Educ 1995;25(1):73-80.</p>
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<p>Kistin N, Benton D, Rao S, Sullivan M. Breast-feeding rates among black urban
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low-income women: effect of prenatal education. Pediatrics 1990
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Nov;86(5):741-6.</p>
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<p>Low-literacy patient education handouts [monograph on the Internet]. San
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Francisco: University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Homeless Clinic; 1995
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[modified 1998 Nov 11; cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: <a
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href="http://itsa.ucsf.edu/~hclinic/handouts.dir/lowlit.dir/lowlit.html">http://itsa.ucsf.edu/~hclinic/handouts.dir/lowlit.dir/lowlit.html</a></p>
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<p>Magyari T. Designing public education brochures to reach low literate and
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|
minority persons. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1990;26(2):217-21.</p>
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<p>Magyari T. The role of the genetic counselor in a unique preconception
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|
substance-use education program for low-literate minority women. Birth Defects
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Orig Artic Ser 1990;26(3):179-84.</p>
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<p>McElveen KA. Communicating with children: could you use some help? MCN Am J
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Matern Child Nurs 1997 Mar-Apr;22(2):108-11.</p>
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<p>McGuire LC. Remembering what the doctor said: organization and adults' memory
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for medical information. Exp Aging Res 1996 Oct-Dec;22(4):403-28.</p>
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<p>Moon RY, Cheng TL, Patel KM, Baumhaft K, Scheidt PC. Parental literacy level
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and understanding of medical information. Pediatrics 1998 Aug;102(2):e25.
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Available from: <a
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href="http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/102/2/e25">http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/102/2/e25</a></p>
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<p>Morra ME. Future trends in patient education. Semin Oncol Nurs 1991
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May;7(2):143-5.</p>
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<p>Morrow DG, Hier CM, Menard WE, Leirer VO. Icons improve older and younger
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adults' comprehension of medication information. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc
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Sci 1998 Jul;53(4):P240-54.</p>
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<p>Morrow DG, Leirer VO, Andrassy JM, Hier CM, Menard WE. The influence of list
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format and category headers on age differences in understanding medication
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instructions. Exp Aging Res 1998 Jul-Sep;24(3):231-56.</p>
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<p>Mrvos R, Dean BS, Krenzelok EP. Illiteracy: a contributing factor to
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poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 1993 Oct;35(5):466-8.</p>
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<p>Murphy PW, Davis TC. When low literacy blocks compliance. RN 1997
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Oct;60(10):58-63; quiz 64.</p>
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<p>Murphy PW, Davis TC, Jackson RH, Decker BC, Long SW. Effects of literacy on
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health care of the aged: implications for health professionals. Educ Gerontol
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1993 Jun;19(4):311-16.</p>
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<p>Patterson C, Teale C. Influence of written information on patients' knowledge
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of their diagnosis. Age Ageing 1997 Jan;26(1):41-2.</p>
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<p>Price JH, Everett SA. Developing cancer pamphlets for economically
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disadvantaged African Americans. Patient Educ Couns 1996 Jul;28(2):159-67.</p>
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<p>Weinrich SP, Weinrich MC, Boyd MD, Atwood J, Cervenka B. Teaching older
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adults by adapting for aging changes. Cancer Nurs 1994 Dec;17(6):494-500.</p>
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<p>Weiss BD, Coyne C. Communicating with patients who cannot read. N Engl J Med
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1997 Jul 24;337(4):272-4.</p>
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<p>Wilson FL. Measuring patients' ability to read and comprehend: a first step
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in patient education. Nursingconnections 1995 Winter;8(4):17-25.</p>
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<p>Wilson FL, McLemore R. Patient literacy levels: a consideration when
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designing patient education programs. Rehabil Nurs 1997 Nov-Dec;22(6):311-7.</p>
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|
<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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|
size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="220">III. E. Client Communication</a></h3>
|
|
<hr />
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|
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|
<p>Benbassat J, Pilpel D, Tidhar M. Patients' preferences for participation in
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clinical decision making: a review of published surveys. Behav Med 1998
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Summer;24(2):81-8.</p>
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<p>Chapple A, Campion P, May C. Clinical terminology: anxiety and confusion
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amongst families undergoing genetic counseling. Patient Educ Couns 1997
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Sep-Oct;32(1-2):81-91.</p>
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<p>Crane JA. Patient comprehension of doctor-patient communication on discharge
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from the emergency department. J Emerg Med 1997 Jan-Feb;15(1):1-7.</p>
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<p>Davidhizar R, Giger JN. When touch is not the best approach. J Clin Nurs 1997
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|
May;6(3):203-6.</p>
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|
<p>Hornberger J, Itakura H, Wilson SR. Bridging language and cultural barriers
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|
between physicians and patients. Public Health Rep 1997
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Sep-Oct;112(5):410-7.</p>
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<p>Kai J. Parents' difficulties and information needs in coping with acute
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illness in preschool children: a qualitative study. BMJ 1996 Oct
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19;313(7063):987-90. Comment in: BMJ 1996 Oct 19;313(7063):954-5; BMJ 1997 Feb
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1;314(7077):373; BMJ 1997 Feb 1;314(7077):373-4.</p>
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<p>Liaw ST, Young D, Farish S. Improving patient-doctor concordance: an
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intervention study in general practice. Fam Pract 1996 Oct;13(5):427-31.</p>
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<p>Mandl KD, Kohane IS, Brandt AM. Electronic patient-physician communication:
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problems and promise. Ann Intern Med 1998 Sep 15;129(6):495-500.</p>
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<p>McMahon SR, Rimsza ME, Bay RC. Parents can dose liquid medication accurately.
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Pediatrics 1997 Sep;100(3 Pt 1):330-3.</p>
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<p>Olson RM, Blank D, Cardinal E, Hopf G, Chalmers RK. Understanding
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medication-related needs of low-literacy patients. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 1996
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Jul;NS36(7):424-9.</p>
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<p>Physician-patient communication in the emergency department. Part 2:
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Communication strategies for specific situations. SAEM Task Force on
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Physician-Patient Communication. Acad Emerg Med 1996 Dec;3(12):1146-53.</p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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|
size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="240">III. F. Disease/Content Specific (e.g., diabetes,
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tobacco)</a></h3>
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<hr />
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<p>Bauman A. The comprehensibility of asthma education materials. Patient Educ
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Couns 1997 Dec;32(1 Suppl):S51-9.</p>
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<p>Brown SA. Meta-analysis of diabetes patient education research: variations in
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intervention effects across studies. Res Nurs Health 1992 Dec;15(6):409-19.</p>
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<p>Chan A, Woodruff RK. Communicating with patients with advanced cancer. J
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Palliat Care 1997 Autumn;13(3):29-33.</p>
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<p>Ciampa C. Tobacco education in low-literacy individuals. Indiana Med 1996
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Mar-Apr;89(2):188-92.</p>
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<p>Day JL, Rayman G, Hall L, Davies P. 'Learning Diabetes'--a multi-media
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learning package for patients, carers and professionals to improve chronic
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disease management. Med Inform (Lond) 1997 Jan-Mar;22(1):91-104.</p>
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<p>Doak LG, Doak CC, Meade CD. Strategies to improve cancer education materials.
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Oncol Nurs Forum 1996 Sep;23(8):1305-12.</p>
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<p>Drass JA, Feldman RH. Knowledge about hypoglycemia in young women with type I
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diabetes and their supportive others. Diabetes Educ 1996 Jan-Feb;22(1):34-8.</p>
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<p>Foltz A, Sullivan J. Reading level, learning presentation preference, and
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desire for information among cancer patients. J Cancer Educ 1996
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Spring;11(1):32-8.</p>
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<p>Hallowell N, Murton F, Statham H, Green JM, Richards MP. Women's need for
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information before attending genetic counselling for familial breast or ovarian
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cancer: a questionnaire, interview, and observational study. BMJ 1997 Jan
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25;314(7076):281-3.</p>
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<p>Hill J. A practical guide to patient education and information giving.
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Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1997 Feb;11(1):109-27.</p>
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<p>Jacobson TA, Thomas DM, Morton FJ, Offutt G, Shevlin J, Ray S. Use of a
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low-literacy patient education tool to enhance pneumococcal vaccination rates. A
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randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999 Aug 18;282(7):646-50.</p>
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<p>Kicklighter JR, Stein MA. Factors influencing diabetic clients' ability to
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read and comprehend printed diabetic diet material. Diabetes Educ 1993
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Jan-Feb;19(1):40-6.</p>
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<p>Larson I, Schumacher HR. Comparison of literacy level of patients in a VA
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arthritis center with the reading level required by educational materials.
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Arthritis Care Res 1992 Mar;5(1):13-6.</p>
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<p>Lerman C, Schwartz MD, Miller SM, Daly M, Sands C, Rimer BK. A randomized
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trial of breast cancer risk counseling: interacting effects of counseling,
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educational level, and coping style. Health Psychol 1996 Mar;15(2):75-83.</p>
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<p>Meade CD, McKinney WP, Barnas GP. Educating patients with limited literacy
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skills: the effectiveness of printed and videotaped materials about colon
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cancer. Am J Public Health 1994 Jan;84(1):119-21.</p>
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<p>Michielutte R, Alciati MH, el Arculli R. Cancer control research and literacy
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[editorial]. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1999 Aug;10(3):281-97.</p>
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<p>Millar WJ. Reaching smokers with lower educational attainment. Health Rep
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1996 Autumn;8(2):11-9(Eng); 13-22(Fre).</p>
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<p>Nurss JR, el-Kebbi IM, Gallina DL, Ziemer DC, Musey VC, Lewis S, Liao Q,
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Phillips LS. Diabetes in urban African Americans: functional health literacy of
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municipal hospital outpatients with diabetes. Diabetes Educ 1997
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Sep-Oct;23(5):563-8.</p>
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<p>O'Loughlin JL, Lampron GP, Sacks-Silver GE. Evaluation of a smoking cessation
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guide for low income, functionally illiterate women: a pilot study. Can J Public
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Health 1990 Nov-Dec;81(6):471-2.</p>
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<p>O'Neill P, Humphris GM, Field EA. The use of an information leaflet for
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patients undergoing wisdom tooth removal. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996
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Aug;34(4):331-4.</p>
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<p>Olver IN, Turrell SJ, Olszewski NA, Willson KJ. Impact of an information and
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consent form on patients having chemotherapy. Med J Aust 1995 Jan
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16;162(2):82-3. Comment in: Med J Aust 1995 Aug 7;163(3):161.</p>
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<p>Parker RM, Williams MV, Baker DW, Nurss JR. Literacy and contraception:
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exploring the link. Obstet Gynecol 1996 Sep;88(3 Suppl):72S-77S.</p>
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<p>Perez Escamilla R, Himmelgreen D, Segura Millan S, Gonzalez A, Mendez I,
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Haldeman L. Research and professional briefs. Knowledge of folic acid and neural
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tube defects among inner-city residents: have they heard about it? J Am Diet
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Assoc 1999 Jan;99(1):80-3.</p>
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<p>Pierce JP, Lee L, Gilpin EA. Smoking initiation by adolescent girls, 1944
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through 1988. An association with targeted advertising. JAMA 1994 Feb
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23;271(8):608-11. Comment in: JAMA 1994 Feb 23;271(8):629-30.</p>
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<p>Reid JC, Klachko DM, Kardash CA, Robinson RD, Scholes R, Howard D. Why people
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don't learn from diabetes literature: influence of text and reader
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characteristics. Patient Educ Couns 1995 Feb;25(1):31-8.</p>
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<p>Robinson JK, Rigel DS, Amonette RA. What promotes skin self-examination? J Am
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Acad Dermatol 1998 May;38(5 Pt 1):752-7.</p>
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<p>Roche RA, Stovall CE, Suarez L, Goldman DA, Wright SA, Mendez MC. Language
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differences in interpretation of breast cancer health messages. J Cancer Educ
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1998 Winter;13(4):226-30.</p>
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<p>Ryan EB, Butler RN. Communication, aging, and health: toward understanding
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health provider relationships with older clients. Health Commun
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1996;8(3):191-97.</p>
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<p>Williams MV, Baker DW, Honig EG, Lee TM, Nowlan A. Inadequate literacy is a
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barrier to asthma knowledge and self-care. Chest 1998 Oct;114(4):1008-15.</p>
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<p>Williams MV, Baker DW, Parker RM, Nurss JR. Relationship of functional health
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literacy to patients' knowledge of their chronic disease. A study of patients
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with hypertension and diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1998 Jan 26;158(2):166-72.</p>
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<p>Wilson SR, Scamagas P, German DF, Hughes GW, Lulla S, Coss S, Chardon L,
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Thomas RG, Starr Schneidkraut N, Stancavage FB, et al. A controlled trial of two
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forms of self-management education for adults with asthma. Am J Med 1993
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Jun;94(6):564-76. Comment in: Am J Med 1993 Jun;94(6):561-3; Am J Med 1995
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May;98(5):517-8.</p>
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<p>Wolfe C, Doherty I, Raju KS, Holtom R, Richardson P. First steps in the
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development of an information and counselling service for women with an abnormal
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smear result. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1992 Jul 24;45(3):201-6.</p>
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<p>Yasenchak PA, Bridle MJ. A low-literacy skin care manual for spinal cord
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|
injury patients. Patient Educ Couns 1993 Nov;22(1):1-5.</p>
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|
<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
|
|
size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="250">IV. Ideas</a></h2>
|
|
<h3><a name="260">IV. A. Theory</a></h3>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
|
|
<p>Adelsward V, Sachs L. The meaning of 6.8: numeracy and normality in health
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|
information talks. Soc Sci Med 1996 Oct;43(8):1179-87.</p>
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<hr />
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<h3><a name="270">IV. B. Measurement Techniques</a></h3>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<hr />
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<h3><a name="280">IV. C. Communicating Risk</a></h3>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<hr />
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<h3><a name="290">IV. D. Cross-Cultural/Cultural Competency</a></h3>
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<hr />
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<h3><a name="300">IV. E. International Experiences</a></h3>
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<p>Vander Stichele RH, Bogaert MG. European legislation and research projects
|
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regarding patient education for medication. Drug Inf J 1995;29(1):285-90.</p>
|
|
<p>Wang C, Burris MA, Ping XY. Chinese village women as visual anthropologists:
|
|
a participatory approach to reaching policymakers. Soc Sci Med 1996
|
|
May;42(10):1391-400.</p>
|
|
<p>Work DR. Improving drug labels with pictograms. Int Pharm J 1990
|
|
Jul-Aug;4:153-7.</p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<hr />
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<h2><a name="310">V. Internet Resources</a></h2>
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<hr />
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<p><b>DATABASES</b></p><br />
|
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<p>NALD: National Adult Literacy Database [database on the Internet].
|
|
Fredericton (New Brunswick, Canada): National Adult Literacy Database, Inc.
|
|
[revised 2000 Jan 7; cited 2000 Jan 18]. Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.nald.ca/index.htm">http://www.nald.ca/index.htm</a> Use search
|
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function to locate specific health resources.</p>
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<p><b>LISTSERV</b></p><br />
|
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<p>Literacy NIFL-Health Forum [listserv on the Internet]. Washington: National
|
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Institute for Literacy; [revised 1999 Jan 26; cited 2000 Jan 18]. Available
|
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from: <a
|
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href="http://novel.nifl.gov/nifl-health/">http://novel.nifl.gov/nifl-health/</a></p>
|
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<p><b>ORGANIZATIONS</b></p><br />
|
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<p>American Association for the Advancement of Science [homepage on the
|
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Internet]. Washington: The Association; c1998 [revised 2000 Jan 5; cited 2000
|
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Jan 15]. Available from: <a href="http://www.aaas.org/">http://www.aaas.org/</a>
|
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See specifically Project 2061 and EHR programs.</p>
|
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<p>HealthCOMM: health communication around the world [homepage on the Internet].
|
|
Annandale (VA): National Communication Association; [updated 1999 Dec 10; cited
|
|
2000 Jan 15]. Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.sla.purdue.edu/healthcomm/">http://www.sla.purdue.edu/healthcomm/</a></p>
|
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<p>Health Literacy Center: specializing in plain English communication [homepage
|
|
on the Internet]. Biddleford (ME): University of New England; [revised 1999 Jun
|
|
7; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.une.edu/com/othrdept/hlit/index.htm">http://www.une.edu/com/othrdept/hlit/index.htm</a></p>
|
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<p>NCHE: National Center for Health Education [homepage on the Internet]. New
|
|
York: The Center; 1997 [revised 1999 Oct 18; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from:
|
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<a href="http://www.nche.org/">http://www.nche.org/</a></p>
|
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<p>Literacy Online [homepage on the Internet]. Philadelphia: University of
|
|
Pennsylvania; c1999 [updated 1999 Nov 1; cited 2000 Feb 15]. Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.literacyonline.org/">http://www.literacyonline.org/</a></p>
|
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<p>National LINCS [homepage on the Internet]. Washington: National Institute for
|
|
Literacy; [revised 1999 Dec 10; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.nifl.gov/">http://www.nifl.gov/</a></p>
|
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<p>National Literacy and Health Program [homepage on the Internet]. Ottawa:
|
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Canadian Public Health Association; [updated 1999 Mar 3; cited 2000 Jan 18].
|
|
Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.nlhp.cpha.ca/">http://www.nlhp.cpha.ca/</a></p>
|
|
<p>National Network for Health [homepage on the Internet]. Washington: Dept. of
|
|
Agriculture (US); [updated 1999 Nov 24; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.nnh.org/">http://www.nnh.org/</a></p>
|
|
<p>SciPICH: Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health [homepage on
|
|
the Internet]. Washington: The Panel; [updated 1999 Nov 22; cited 2000 Jan 15].
|
|
Available from: <a href="http://www.scipich.org/">http://www.scipich.org/</a>
|
|
Sponsored by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Dept.
|
|
of Health and Human Services</p>
|
|
<p>U.S. Department of Education [homepage on the Internet]. Washington: The
|
|
Department; [revised 2000 13 Jan; cited 2000 Jan 18]. Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.ed.gov/">http://www.ed.gov/</a></p>
|
|
<p>World education [homepage on the Internet]. Boston: World Education; [revised
|
|
2000 Jan 5; cited 2000 Jan 15] Available from: <a
|
|
href="http://www.worlded.org/">http://www.worlded.org/</a></p>
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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size="-1"><i>Return to the top</i></font></a></p>
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<hr />
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<h2><a name="320">Appendix: Readability</a></h2>
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|
<hr />
|
|
|
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<p>Albright J, de Guzman C, Acebo P, Paiva D, Faulkner M, Swanson J. Readability
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|
of patient education materials: implications for clinical practice. Appl Nurs
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|
Res 1996 Aug;9(3):139-43.</p>
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|
<p>Alexander RE. Patient understanding of postsurgical instruction forms. Oral
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|
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999 Feb;87(2):153-8.</p>
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|
<p>Amery WK, Van Winkel M . Patient package inserts for prescription drugs in an
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|
international pharmaceutical company. Drug Inf J 1995;29(1):51-60.</p>
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|
<p>Baker GC. Writing easily read patient education handouts: a computerized
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|
approach. Semin Dermatol 1991 Jun;10(2):102-6.</p>
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|
<p>Baker LM, Wilson FL. Consumer health materials recommended for public
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|
libraries: too tough to read? Public Libr 1996 Mar-Apr;35(2):124-30.</p>
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|
<p>Baker LM, Wilson FL, Kars M. The readability of medical information on
|
|
InfoTrac: does it meet the needs of people with low literacy skills? Ref User
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|
Serv Q 1997 Winter;37(2):155-60.</p>
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|
<p>Baker SJ . Who can read consumer product information? Aust J Hosp Pharm
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|
1997;27(2):126-31.</p>
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|
<p>Bandesha G, Raynor DK, Teale C . Preliminary investigation of patient
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|
information leaflets as package inserts. Int J Pharm Pract 1996 Dec;4:246-8.</p>
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|
<p>Basara LR, Juergens JP. Patient package insert readability and design. Am
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|
Pharm 1994 Aug;NS34(8):48-53.</p>
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|
<p>Beaver K, Luker K. Readability of patient information booklets for women with
|
|
breast cancer. Patient Educ Couns 1997 Jun;31(2):95-102.</p>
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|
<p>Beckman HT, Lueger RJ. Readability of self-report clinical outcome measures.
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|
J Clin Psychol 1997 Dec;53(8):785-9.</p>
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|
<p>Bell JH, Johnson RE. Effect of lowering the reading level of a health
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|
education pamphlet on increasing comprehension by ESL adults. TESL Can J 1992
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|
Fall;10(1):9-26.</p>
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|
<p>Bradley B, Singleton M, Li Wan Po A. Readability of patient information
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|
leaflets on over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. J Clin Pharm Ther 1994
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|
Feb;19(1):7-15.</p>
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|
<p>Briguglio J, Cardella JF, Fox PS, Hopper KD, TenHave TR. Development of a
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|
model angiography informed consent form based on a multiinstitutional survey of
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|
current forms. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995 Nov-Dec;6(6):971-8.</p>
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|
<p>Brownson K. Education handouts. Are we wasting our time? J Nurses Staff Dev
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|
1998 Jul-Aug;14(4):176-82.</p>
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|
<p>Cardinal BJ, Martin JJ, Sachs ML. Readability of written informed consent
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|
forms used in exercise and sport psychology research. Res Q Exerc Sport 1996
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|
Sep;67(3):360-2.</p>
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|
<p>Cardinal BJ, Sachs ML. An analysis of the readability of exercise promoting
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|
literature with implications and suggestions for practice. Res Q Exerc Sport
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|
1992 Jun;63(2):186-90.</p>
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|
<p>Coey L. Readability of printed educational materials used to inform potential
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|
and actual ostomates. J Clin Nurs 1996 Nov;5(6):359-66.</p>
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|
<p>Cory J, Bottum C, Haddock C. Evaluating print health education materials.
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Cancer Pract 1995 Jan-Feb;3(1):54-6.</p>
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<p>Coulter A. Evidence based patient information. BMJ 1998 Jul 25;317:225-6.</p>
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<p>Dollahite J, Thompson C, McNew R. Readability of printed sources of diet and
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|
health information. Patient Educ Couns 1996 Mar;27(2):123-34.</p>
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|
<p>Evanoski CA. Health education for patients with ventricular tachycardia:
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assessment of readability. J Cardiovasc Nurs 1990 Feb;4(2):1-6.</p>
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<p>Feldman SR, Quinlivan A, Williford P, Bahnson JL, Fleischer AB Jr. Illiteracy
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|
and the readability of patient education materials. A look at Health Watch. N C
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Med J 1994 Jul;55(7):290-2.</p>
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<p>Feldman SR, Vanarthos J, Fleischer AB Jr. The readability of patient
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|
education materials designed for patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol
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|
1994 Feb;30(2 Pt 1):284-6.</p>
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|
<p>Gabriel V, Stephenson TJ. Readability of patient information leaflets. J
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Pediatr Pharm Pract 1998;3(1):29-32.</p>
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|
<p>Gannon K. OTC labeling guidelines proposed by NDMA, PPSI. Drug Top 1991 Mar
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|
25;135:32.</p>
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|
<p>Gannon K. Should OTCs be mandated to carry more readable labels? Drug Top
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|
1993 Jul 5;137:34.</p>
|
|
<p>Glanz K, Rudd J. Readability and content analysis of print cholesterol
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|
education materials. Patient Educ Couns 1990 Oct;16(2):109-18.</p>
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|
<p>Glazer HR, Kirk LM, Bosler FE. Patient education pamphlets about prevention,
|
|
detection, and treatment of breast cancer for low literacy women. Patient Educ
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|
Couns 1996 Mar;27(2):185-9.</p>
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<p>Goldstein AO, Frasier P, Curtis P, Reid A, Kreher NE. Consent form
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readability in university-sponsored research. J Fam Pract 1996
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Jun;42(6):606-11.</p>
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<p>Grossman SA, Piantadosi S, Covahey C. Are informed consent forms that
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|
describe clinical oncology research protocols readable by most patients and
|
|
their families? J Clin Oncol 1994 Oct;12(10):2211-5.</p>
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|
<p>Guidry JJ, Fagan P. The readability levels of cancer-prevention materials
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|
targeting African Americans. J Cancer Educ 1997 Summer;12(2):108-13.</p>
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|
<p>Hammerschmidt DE, Keane MA. Institutional Review Board (IRB) review lacks
|
|
impact on the readability of consent forms for research. Am J Med Sci 1992
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|
Dec;304(6):348-51.</p>
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|
<p>Hearth-Holmes M, Murphy PW, Davis TC, Nandy I, Elder CG, Broadwell LH, Wolf
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|
RE. Literacy in patients with a chronic disease: systemic lupus erythematosus
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|
and the reading level of patient education materials. J Rheumatol 1997
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Dec;24(12):2335-9. Comment in: J Rheumatol 1998 Aug;25(8):1649-50.</p>
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|
<p>Hedl JJ Jr, Glazer-Waldman HR, Parker HJ, Hopkins KM. Readability and writing
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|
style analysis of selected allied health professional journals. J Allied Health
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|
1991 Winter;20(1):25-37.</p>
|
|
<p>Hobbie C. Maximizing healthy communication: readability of parent educational
|
|
materials. J Pediatr Health Care 1995 Mar-Apr;9(2):92-3.</p>
|
|
<p>Hochhauser M. Can patients understand their consent forms? Benders Health
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|
Care Law Mon 1997 Apr: 8-10.</p>
|
|
<p>Hochhauser M . Writing, reading and understanding research consent forms.
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Appl Clin Trials 1997 May;6:66-8, 70.</p>
|
|
<p>Holm S. [Written patient information. Analysis of Danish biomedical research
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|
programs]. Ugeskr Laeger 1992 Aug 31;154(36):2432-5. (Dan).</p>
|
|
<p>Hopper KD, TenHave TR, Hartzel J. Informed consent forms for clinical and
|
|
research imaging procedures: how much do patients understand? AJR Am J
|
|
Roentgenol 1995 Feb;164(2):493-6.</p>
|
|
<p>Hopper KD, TenHave TR, Tully DA, Hall TE. The readability of currently used
|
|
surgical/procedure consent forms in the United States. Surgery 1998
|
|
May;123(5):496-503.</p>
|
|
<p>Hurst K, Thompson D. A software package to determine the readability of
|
|
nursing articles. Nurs Stand 1992 Feb 5-11;6(20):43.</p>
|
|
<p>Hussey LC. Strategies for effective patient education material design. J
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Cardiovasc Nurs 1997 Jan;11(2):37-46.</p>
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|
<p>It's on paper but do they understand it? Simple testing gets written handouts
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|
on target. Hosp Case Manage 1999 Apr;7(4):75-6, 80.</p>
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|
<p>Jesson J, Pocock R, Jepson M, Kendall H. Consumer readership and views on
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pharmacy health education literature: market research survey. J Soc Adm Pharm
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|
1994;11(1):29-36.</p>
|
|
<p>Johnson HH. Readability study of client health education materials: a
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|
resource for assuring the effectiveness of written materials. Raleigh (NC):
|
|
North Carolina State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources; 1994
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|
May. 128 p. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA;
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No. ED382934.</p>
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|
<p>Jubelirer SJ. Level of reading difficulty in educational pamphlets and
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|
informed consent documents for cancer patients. W V Med J 1991
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|
Dec;87(12):554-7.</p>
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|
<p>Ledbetter C, Hall S, Swanson JM, Forrest K. Readability of commercial versus
|
|
generic health instructions for condoms. Health Care Women Int
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|
1990;11(3):295-304.</p>
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|
<p>Ley P, Florio T. The use of readability formulas in health care. Psychol
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|
Health Med 1996 Feb;7(1):7-28.</p>
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|
<p>MacDiarmid SA, Goodson TC, Holmes TM, Martin PR, Doyle RB. An assessment of
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|
the comprehension of the American Urological Association Symptom Index. J Urol
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|
1998 Mar;159(3):873-4.</p>
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|
<p>Macey BA, Bouman CC. An evaluation of validity, reliability, and readability
|
|
of the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory. Heart Lung 1991 Jul;20(4):398-403.
|
|
Comment in: Heart Lung 1992 Mar;21(2):199-200.</p>
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|
<p>Mader TJ, Playe SJ. Emergency medicine research consent form readability
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|
assessment. Ann Emerg Med 1997 Apr;29(4):534-9.</p>
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|
<p>Mailloux SL, Johnson ME, Fisher DG, Pettibone TJ. How reliable is
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|
computerized assessment of readability? Comput Nurs 1995
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|
Sep-Oct;13(5):221-5.</p>
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|
<p>Meade CD, Diekmann J, Thornhill DG. Readability of American Cancer Society
|
|
patient education literature. Oncol Nurs Forum 1992 Jan-Feb;19(1):51-5.</p>
|
|
<p>Melman ST, Kaplan JM, Caloustian ML, Weinberger JA, Smith J, Anbar RD.
|
|
Readability of the childhood immunization information forms. Arch Pediatr
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|
Adolesc Med 1994 Jun;148(6):642-4.</p>
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|
<p>Merritt SL, Gates MA, Skiba K. Readability levels of selected
|
|
hypercholesterolemia patient education literature. Heart Lung 1993
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|
Sep-Oct;22(5):415-20.</p>
|
|
<p>Message on a bottle. Manuf Chem 1994 Oct;65:17, 19-20.</p>
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|
<p>Michielutte R, Bahnson J, Beal P. Readability of the public education
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|
literature on cancer prevention and detection. J Cancer Educ
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1990;5(1):55-61.</p>
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|
<p>Morgan PP. Illiteracy can have major impact on patients' understanding of
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|
health care information. CMAJ 1993 Apr 1;148(7):1196-7. Comment in: CMAJ 1993
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Nov 15;159(10):1379, 1382.</p>
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<p>Mumford ME. A descriptive study of the readability of patient information
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|
leaflets designed by nurses. J Adv Nurs 1997 Nov;26(5):985-91.</p>
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|
<p>Murphy J, Gamble G, Sharpe N. Readability of subject information leaflets for
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|
medical research. N Z Med J 1994 Dec 14;107(991):509-10.</p>
|
|
<p>Newton JT. The readability and utility of general dental practice patient
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|
information leaflets: an evaluation. Br Dent J 1995 May 6;178(9):329-32.</p>
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|
<p>Nieto L. Medicine labeling: future becomes clear. Chem Drug 1993
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|
Jul;240:67.</p>
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|
<p>Nunn DS. Ampul labeling-way forward. Pharm J 1992 Mar 14;248:361-3.</p>
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<p>Ormrod J, Robinson M. How readable are health education leaflets? Health
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Visit 1994 Dec;67(12):424-5.</p>
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|
<p>Ott BB, Hardie TL. Readability of advance directive documents. Image J Nurs
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Sch 1997 Spring;29(1):53-7.</p>
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<p>Ott BB, Hardie TL. Readability of written materials: implications for
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critical care nurses. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 1995 Nov-Dec;14(6):328-34.</p>
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<p>Owens PM, Johnson EM, Frost CD, Porter KA, O'Hare E. Reading, readability,
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and patient education materials. Cardiovasc Nurs 1993 Mar-Apr;29(2):9-13.</p>
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<p>Petterson T. How readable are the hospital information leaflets available to
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|
elderly patients? Age Ageing 1994 Jan;23(1):14-6.</p>
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|
<p>Petterson T, Dornan TL, Albert T, Lee P. Are information leaflets given to
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|
elderly people with diabetes easy to read? Diabet Med 1994
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|
Jan-Feb;11(1):111-3.</p>
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|
<p>Priestley KA, Campbell C, Valentine CB, Denison DM, Buller NP. Are patient
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|
consent forms for research protocols easy to read? BMJ 1992 Nov
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|
21;305(6864):1263-4.</p>
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|
<p>Primas P, Lefor N, Johnson J, Helms SM, Coats L, Coe MK. Prenatal literature
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|
testing: a pilot project. J Community Health 1992 Feb;17(1):61-7.</p>
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|
<p>Reed J, Conneely J, Gorham P, Coxhead S. Assessing the written information
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|
given to families prior to their attendance at a child development centre. Child
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|
Care Health Dev 1993 Sep-Oct;19(5):317-25.</p>
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|
<p>Riche JM. Text and reader characteristics affecting the readability of
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|
patient literature. Read Improv 1991 Winter;28(4):287-92.</p>
|
|
<p>Rivera R, Reed JS, Menius D. Evaluating the readability of informed consent
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|
forms used in contraceptive clinical trials. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1992
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|
Jul;38(3):227-30.</p>
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|
<p>Sansgiry SS, Cady PS, Patil S. Readability of over-the-counter medication
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|
labels. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 1997 Sep-Oct;NS37(5):522-8.</p>
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|
<p>Sarma M, Alpers JH, Prideaux DJ, Kroemer DJ. The comprehensibility of
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|
Australian educational literature for patients with asthma. Med J Aust 1995 Apr
|
|
3;162(7):360-3.</p>
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|
<p>Sarna L, Ganley BJ. A survey of lung cancer patient-education materials.
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|
Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Nov-Dec;22(10):1545-50. Comment in: Oncol Nurs Forum 1996
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|
Apr;23(3):422.</p>
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|
<p>Siminerio LM, Frith M. Need to assess readability of written materials for
|
|
diabetes education curricula. Diabetes Care 1993 Jan;16(1):391-3.</p>
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|
<p>Slaten D, Parrott R, Steiner C. Readability of skin cancer prevention
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|
brochures targeting parents of young children. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999 Jun;40(6
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|
Pt 1):997-9.</p>
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|
<p>Smith H, Gooding S, Brown R, Frew A. Evaluation of readability and accuracy
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|
of information leaflets in general practice for patients with asthma. BMJ 1998
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|
Jul 25;317(7153):264-5. Comment in: BMJ 1998 Jul 25;317(7153):225-6; BMJ 1999
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|
Feb 13;318(7181):462.</p>
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|
<p>Stephens ST. Patient education materials: are they readable? Oncol Nurs Forum
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|
1992 Jan-Feb;19(1):83-5.</p>
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<p>Swanson JM, Forrest K, Ledbetter C, Hall S, Holstine EJ, Shafer MR.
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|
Readability of commercial and generic contraceptive instructions. Image J Nurs
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|
Sch 1990 Summer;22(2):96-100.</p>
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|
<p>Tarnowski KJ, Allen DM, Mayhall C, Kelly PA. Readability of pediatric
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|
biomedical research informed consent forms. Pediatrics 1990 Jan;85(1):58-62.</p>
|
|
<p>Thomas LG, Corwin EJ. The readability of printed education materials
|
|
regarding hormone replacement therapy. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 1998
|
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Oct;10(10):447-52.</p>
|
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<p>Tips for improving patient education materials: the right readability level
|
|
is one key to success. Health Care Food Nutr Focus 1997 Oct;14(2):1, 3.</p>
|
|
<p>Vnuk AK. An analysis of breastfeeding print educational material. Breastfeed
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|
Rev 1997;5(2):29-35.</p>
|
|
<p>Wagner L, Davis S, Handelsman MM. In search of the abominable consent form:
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|
the impact of readability and personalization. J Clin Psychol 1998
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|
Jan;54(1):115-20.</p>
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|
<p>Wells JA. Readability of HIV/AIDS educational materials: the role of the
|
|
medium of communication, target audience, and producer characteristics. Patient
|
|
Educ Couns 1994 Dec;24(3):249-59.</p>
|
|
<p>Wells JA, Ruscavage D, Parker B, McArthur L. Literacy of women attending
|
|
family planning clinics in Virginia and reading levels of brochures on HIV
|
|
prevention. Fam Plann Perspect 1994 May-Jun;26(3):113-5, 131.</p>
|
|
<p>White LJ, Jones JS, Felton CW, Pool LC. Informed consent for medical
|
|
research: common discrepancies and readability. Acad Emerg Med 1996
|
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Aug;3(8):745-50.</p>
|
|
<p>Williams DM, Counselman FL, Caggiano CD. Emergency department discharge
|
|
instructions and patient literacy: a problem of disparity. Am J Emerg Med 1996
|
|
Jan;14(1):19-22.</p>
|
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<p>Williams DM, Potter LS. Current oral contraceptive use instructions: an
|
|
analysis of patient package inserts. Fam Plann Perspect 1992
|
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May-Jun;24(3):111-5.</p>
|
|
<p>Wilson FL. Patient education materials nurses use in community health. West J
|
|
Nurs Res 1996 Apr;18(2):195-205.</p>
|
|
<p>Wong IC. Readability of patient information leaflets on antiepileptic drugs
|
|
in the UK. Seizure 1999 Feb;8(1):35-7.</p>
|
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<p><a href="hliteracy.html#top"><font
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<b>First published: </b>07 March 2002<br/><b>Last updated: </b>01 November 2006<br/><b>Date Archived: </b>14 December 2006<br/><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20061214/pubs/cbm/hliteracy.html&description=full" onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/viewMeta.pl?url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20061214/pubs/cbm/hliteracy.html&description=full'); return false;"><strong>Metadata</strong></a> | <b> <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html"onclick="javascript:openPopup('http://www.nlm.nih.gov/permlevels.html'); return false;">Permanence level</a>: </b>Permanent: Stable Content<br/>
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