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</style><div class="row feature-box m-0 mb-3"><div class="col-xl-12"><h5 class="mt-2 mb-0"><i class="fa-regular fa-box-archive"></i> Archived Content</h5><p><small>The National Institute of Mental Health archives materials that are over 4 years old and no longer being updated. The content on this page is provided for historical reference purposes only and may not reflect current knowledge or information.</small></p></div></div></div>
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<h1 class="titleblock__title" id="title">Brain’s Alertness Circuitry Conserved Through Evolution</h1>
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<p id="subtitle">Molecular method reveals neuronal basis of brain states – NIH-funded animal study</p>
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<time class="pagestamp_news_time" datetime="2017-11-02">November 2, 2017</time>
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<html><body><p><iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="280" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wGBHPrgwJ5Q" width="460"></iframe></p><p><em>NIH-funded scientists revealed the types of neurons supporting alertness, using a molecular method called MultiMAP in transparent larval zebrafish. Multiple types of neurons communicate by secreting the same major chemical messengers: serotonin (red), dopamine and norepinephrine (yellow) and acetylcholine (cyan).</em><br><em>Source: Karl Deisseroth, M.D., Ph.D., Stanford University</em></p><p>Using a molecular method likely to become widely adopted by the field, researchers supported by the National Institutes of Health have discovered brain circuitry essential for alertness, or vigilance – and for brain states more generally. Strikingly, the same cell types and circuits are engaged during alertness in zebra fish and mice, species whose evolutionary forebears parted ways hundreds of millions of years ago. This suggests that the human brain is likely similarly wired for this state critical to survival.</p><p>“Vigilance gone awry marks states such as mania and those seen in post-traumatic stress disorder and depression,” explained Joshua Gordon, M.D., Ph.D., director of the NIH’s National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), which along with the National Institute on Drug Abuse, co-funded the study. “Gaining familiarity with the molecular players in a behavior – as this new tool promises – may someday lead to clinical interventions targeting dysfunctional brain states.”</p><p><a href="https://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/" rel="external noreferrer">Karl Deisseroth, M.D., Ph.D. <i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-up-right-from-square ext-link-icon"></i></a>, <a href="https://biology.ucsd.edu/research/faculty/mlovettbarron" rel="external noreferrer">Matthew Lovett-Barron, Ph.D. <i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-up-right-from-square ext-link-icon"></i></a>, and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, colleagues, report on findings using a neural activity screening technology they call Multi-MAP (Multiplexed-alignment of Molecular and Activity Phenotypes) online Nov. 2, 2017 in the journal Cell.</p><p>For the first time, Multi-MAP makes it possible to see which neurons are activated in a behaving animal during a particular brain state – and subsequently molecularly analyze just those neurons to identify the subtypes and circuits involved.</p><p>In this case, the researchers used the technique to screen activity of neurons visible through the transparent heads of genetically-engineered larval zebra fish. They gauged vigilance by measuring how long it took the animals to swish their tails in response to a threatening stimulus.</p><p>A molecular analysis revealing subtypes led to identification of six suspect circuits composed of distinct populations of neurons that modulate neuronal activity, only one of which had previously been linked to vigilance. Virtually the same players were operative in follow-up experiments examining such reaction time-related circuitry in mouse brain. Using <a href="/news/science-updates/2014/channel-makeover-bioengineered-to-switch-off-neurons" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="be86b68a-acb3-496e-a177-f2434acb7a42" data-entity-substitution="canonical">optogenetics</a> – another breakthrough exploratory tool developed by Deisseroth and colleagues -- the researchers narrowed the field to three circuits that definitively boost alertness in mice, including the one previously known. The other three are thought to play a reportorial rather than regulatory role.</p><h2>Reference</h2><p>Lovett-Barron M, Andalman AS, Allen WE, Vesuna S, Kauvar I, Burns VM, Deisseroth K. Ancestral Circuits for the Coordinated Modulation of Brain State. 2017, Cell 171, 1–13 December 14, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.021</p><h2>Grants</h2><p>MH099647, DA042012</p><h2>For more information</h2><p><a href="http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/11/novel-technology-ties-brain-circuits-to-alertness.html" rel="external noreferrer">Novel technology pioneered by Stanford researchers ties brain circuits to alertness <i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-up-right-from-square ext-link-icon"></i></a> (Stanford news release)</p></body>
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