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</style><div class="row feature-box m-0 mb-3"><div class="col-xl-12"><h5 class="mt-2 mb-0"><i class="fa-regular fa-box-archive"></i> &nbsp;Archived Content</h5><p><small>The National Institute of Mental Health archives materials that are over 4 years old and no longer being updated. The content on this page is provided for historical reference purposes only and may not reflect current knowledge or information.</small></p></div></div></div>
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<h1 class="titleblock__title" id="title">Souped-up Remote Control Switches Behaviors On-and-off in Mice</h1>
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<p class="pagestamp_news_wrap">
<time class="pagestamp_news_time" datetime="2015-04-30">April 30, 2015</time>
• <span class="pagestamp_news_type">Press Release</span></p>
<html><body><p>Neuroscientists have perfected a chemical-genetic remote control for brain circuitry and behavior.&nbsp; This evolving technology can now sequentially switch the same neurons and the behaviors they mediate on-and-off in mice, say researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health. Such bidirectional control is pivotal for decoding the brain workings of complex behaviors. The findings are the first to be published from the <a href="http://www.nih.gov/news/health/sep2014/od-30.htm" rel="external">first wave of NIH grants&nbsp;<i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-up-right-from-square ext-link-icon"></i></a> awarded last fall under the <a href="http://braininitiative.nih.gov/" rel="external">BRAIN Initiative&nbsp;<i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-up-right-from-square ext-link-icon"></i></a>.</p>
<p>“With its new push-pull control, this tool sharpens the cutting edge of research aimed at improving our understanding of brain circuit disorders, such as schizophrenia and addictive behaviors,” said NIH director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.med.unc.edu/pharm/people/primaryfaculty/bryan-roth-1" rel="external noreferrer">Bryan Roth, M.D., Ph.D.&nbsp;<i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-up-right-from-square ext-link-icon"></i></a>, of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; <a href="http://irp.nih.gov/pi/michael-krashes" rel="external">Michael Krashes, Ph.D.&nbsp;<i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-up-right-from-square ext-link-icon"></i></a>, of NIHs National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; and colleagues, debut the second generation of the tool, called DREADD Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs &nbsp;on April 30, 2014 in the journal <em>Neuron</em>.</p>
<p>DREADD 2.0 improves on a widely-adopted technology developed by Roth, a grantee of NIHs National Institute of Mental Health, and colleagues, over the past decade.&nbsp; It achieves remote control by introducing a synthetic brain chemical messenger system that integrates with the workings of naturally-occurring systems.</p>
<p>Researchers genetically-engineer mice to have brains containing what they dub “designer receptors” in specific circuits. These are synthetic proteins on the surface of neurons that can only be activated by a matching synthetic chemical that otherwise has no biological effect like a lock that can only be opened by a unique key. When the “designer drug” binds to its receptor, depending on its programming, it either triggers or blocks neuronal activity, thus giving researchers experimental control over the animals brain circuits and behaviors.</p>
<p>Early iterations of DREADD could only control activity in one direction on or off in the same population of cells. DREADD 2.0 takes advantage of properties offered by a particular type of receptor, paired with a biologically inert chemical that binds to it, to add bidirectional control. Coupled with an existing DREADD, it can be used experimentally to probe circuitry of a broad range of behaviors via sequential, on-and-off control of neurons. Its like having two sets of locks with their own unique keys one triggering “on,” the other turning “off.” For example, the researchers demonstrated how the improved DREAD toolkit can bi-directionally control animals movement and feeding behaviors.</p>
<p>Since DREADD effects last about an hour as opposed to milliseconds with an alternative optical-genetic technology it may be the tool of choice for studies of behaviors requiring prolonged control of circuitry and/or minimal invasiveness.</p>
<p><article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default">
<span class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/images/news-items/dreadd_mouse_brain_receptor_protein.jpg" width="500" height="438" alt="illustration of the effect of DREADD (Designer Receptors Activated Exclusively by Designer Drugs) bidirectional remote control of a neuron in a mouse brain circuit">
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<p><em>The updated DREADD (Designer Receptors Activated Exclusively by Designer Drugs) achieves bidirectional remote control of a neuron (bottom) and behavior by introducing a synthetic, experimental chemical messenger system into specific brain circuits in mice. It consists of a receptor protein (top) and matching inert chemical (middle) for increasing neuronal activity (red) and another set for reducing activity (blue).<br>Source: Bryan Roth, Ph.D., University of North Carolina</em></p>
<h2>Reference</h2>
<p>Vardy E, Robinson JE, Li C, Olsen RHJ, DiBerto JF, Giguere PM, Sassano FM, Huang X-P, Zhu H, Urban DJ, White KL, Rittiner JE, Crowley NA, Pleil KE, Mazzone CM Mosier PD, Song J, Kash TL, Malanga CJ, Krashes MJ, Roth BL. A new DREADD facilitates the multiplexed chemogenetic interrogation of behavior. Neuron, April 30, 2015.</p>
<h2>Grants</h2>
<p>MH105892, DA017204, DA035764, DK075087, DK075089, AA019454, AA17668, AA020911, AA02228001, AA018335, AA021312</p>
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