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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2013-05-20T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">May 20, 2013</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Infection Makes Mosquitoes Immune to Malaria Parasites</h1><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130520-mosquito-lowres.jpg?itok=J6JPHe7S&timestamp=1431633345 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130520-mosquito-lowres.jpg?itok=LO4U4o9Q&timestamp=1431633345 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130520-mosquito-lowres.jpg?itok=CMoOKvWF&timestamp=1431633345 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130520-mosquito-lowres.jpg?itok=TaMjzFxM&timestamp=1431633345 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130520-mosquito-lowres.jpg?itok=oZTjCoMY&timestamp=1431633345 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130520-mosquito-lowres.jpg?itok=LO4U4o9Q&timestamp=1431633345" alt="Wolbachia in a mosquito." title="Wolbachia in a mosquito" />
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</picture><span class="caption">Wolbachia (green, indicated by white arrows) in an infected mosquito’s midgut.</span><span class="credit">Xi lab, used courtesy of Science</span></div>
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</div><p>Researchers established a bacterial infection in mosquitoes that helps fight the parasites that cause malaria. The infected insects could be a significant tool for malaria control.</p>
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<p>Malaria is caused by a single-cell parasite called <em>Plasmodium</em>. The parasite infects female mosquitoes when they feed on the blood of an infected person. Once in the mosquito’s midgut, the parasites multiply and migrate to the salivary glands, ready to infect a new person when the mosquito next bites.</p>
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<p>Malaria remains one of the most common infectious diseases in the world. It kills hundreds of thousands each year, mostly young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Treating bed nets and indoor walls with insecticides is the main prevention strategy in developing countries. However, the mosquitoes that transmit malaria are slowly becoming resistant to these chemicals, creating an urgent need for new approaches.</p>
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<p><em>Wolbachia</em> is a naturally occurring bacterium that was previously found to block development of <em>Plasmodium </em>parasites in mosquitoes. <em>Wolbachia</em> can be transmitted by an infected female insect to her offspring. Uninfected females that mate with infected males rarely produce viable eggs — a reproductive dead end that gives infected females a reproductive advantage and helps the bacteria spread quickly. <em>Wolbachia</em> were successfully used in a field trial to control dengue, another mosquito-borne disease. However, the bacteria don’t pass consistently from a mother to her offspring in <em>Anopheles </em>mosquitoes, which spread malaria.</p>
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<p>A team led by Dr. Zhiyong Xi at Michigan State University set out to establish a stable, inherited <em>Wolbachia </em>infection that could block <em>Plasmodium </em>growth in <em>Anopheles</em>. They focused on <em>Anopheles stephensi</em>, the primary malaria carrier in the Middle East and South Asia. Their work was funded in part by NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Results appeared on May 10, 2013, in <em>Science</em>.</p>
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<p>The researchers injected a strain of <em>Wolbachia</em> derived from another type of mosquito into <em>A. stephensi</em> embryos. Once matured, the adult females mated with uninfected male mosquitoes to create a stable <em>Wolbachia </em>infection that persisted for 34 generations (the end of the study period). Uninfected females rarely produced viable eggs with infected males.</p>
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<p>To see how well the infected mosquitoes could invade an uninfected <em>A. stephensi</em> population, the researchers tested groups of insects in the laboratory. When infected females comprised as little as 5% of the population, all the mosquitoes became infected with <em>Wolbachia </em>within 8 generations.</p>
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<p>The researchers found that <em>Wolbachia</em> infection reduced the number of malaria parasites in both the mosquito midgut and salivary glands. They hypothesize that <em>Wolbachia </em>infection causes the formation of unstable compounds known as reactive oxygen species, which inhibit parasite development.</p>
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<p>This study highlights the potential of using <em>Wolbachia</em> in malaria control. “<em>Wolbachia</em>-based malaria control strategy has been discussed for the last 2 decades,” Xi says. “Our work is the first to demonstrate <em>Wolbachia</em> can be stably established in a key malaria vector, the mosquito species <em>Anopheles stephensi</em>, which opens the door to use <em>Wolbachia</em> for malaria control.”</p>
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<p>— by Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</p>
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</div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/clues-emerging-drug-resistant-malaria" target="_top">Clues to Emerging Drug-Resistant Malaria</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/selfish-genes-could-block-malaria-transmission" target="_top">Selfish Genes Could Block Malaria Transmission</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/fungi-developed-fight-malaria-mosquitoes" target="_top">Fungi Developed to Fight Malaria in Mosquitoes</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/mosquito-defense-mechanism-protects-malaria-parasite" target="_top">Mosquito Defense Mechanism Protects Malaria Parasite</a></li><li><a href="http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/Malaria" target="_top">Malaria</a></li><li><a href="https://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidelifescience/vector-borne-diseases.html" target="_top">Taking the 'Bite' Out of Vector-Borne Diseases</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23661760">Science.</a> 2013 May 10;340(6133):748-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1236192. PMID: 23661760.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.</p>
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<div about="/block/research-matters---popular-stori" class="ds-1col entity entity-bean bean-research-matters-block view-mode-default clearfix">
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-can-we-slow-aging">Research in Context: Can we slow aging?</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/brain-changes-observed-during-pregnancy">Brain changes observed during pregnancy</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-detecting-cancer">Research in Context: Detecting cancer</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/risk-future-burden-dementia-united-states">Risk and future burden of dementia in the United States </a></p>
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||
|
||
<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/complete-wiring-map-adult-fruit-fly-brain">Complete wiring map of an adult fruit fly brain</a></p>
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<h3 class="block__title">About NIH Research Matters</h3>
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<p><strong>Editor:</strong> Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong>Assistant Editors:</strong> Vicki Contie and Brian Doctrow, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong><em>NIH Research Matters </em></strong>is a weekly update of NIH research highlights reviewed by NIH’s experts. It's published by the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison">Office of Communications and Public Liaison</a> in the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director">NIH Office of the Director</a>.</p>
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<p>ISSN 2375-9593</p>
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