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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<div about="/news-events/nih-research-matters/sensing-positive-touch" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="ds-1col node node--nih-research-matters view-mode-full node--full node--nih-research-matters--full clearfix">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2013-02-11T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">February 11, 2013</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Sensing Positive Touch</h1><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Microscope image showing several nerve fibers, one with a bright fluorescent signal.">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130211-sensing-lowres.jpg?itok=C-i-ZuMQ&timestamp=1431630825 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130211-sensing-lowres.jpg?itok=uVhTmaWu&timestamp=1431630825 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130211-sensing-lowres.jpg?itok=HukGKB7X&timestamp=1431630825 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130211-sensing-lowres.jpg?itok=YstRIL31&timestamp=1431630825 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130211-sensing-lowres.jpg?itok=l_0WMGp-&timestamp=1431630825 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2013/20130211-sensing-lowres.jpg?itok=uVhTmaWu&timestamp=1431630825" alt="Microscope image showing several nerve fibers, one with a bright fluorescent signal." title="Microscope image showing several nerve fibers, one with a bright fluorescent signal." />
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</picture><span class="caption">One specific nerve fiber shows an increase in activity (boxed area, red color) during stroking with a brush.</span><span class="credit">Anderson Lab, Caltech</span></div>
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</div><p>Scientists have identified a rare type of neuron in mice that's responsible for detecting the pleasant stroking of skin. The finding opens the door to exploring the molecules and neural pathways that recognize a positive touch.</p>
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<p>Many researchers have focused efforts on trying to understand and alleviate pain. But pleasant touch sensations also have important roles in biology and development. For example, when mother rodents groom their pups, it stimulates hormones with long-term effects. The science of positive touch, however, has gotten much less attention than that of pain.</p>
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<p>In previous work, a team led by Dr. David J. Anderson of the California Institute of Technology identified a rare population of sensory neurons in mice. These neurons, found exclusively in hairy skin, express a receptor called MRGPRB4. Unlike related neurons, MRGPRB4 neurons taken from the body weren’t activated in the laboratory by mechanical, chemical or heat stimulation. The researchers thus set out to examine these neurons in intact mice.</p>
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<p>The team developed a way to target a calcium sensor protein to MRGPRB4 neurons. For comparison, they targeted neurons expressing a related receptor called MRGPRD in other mice. Using a technique called 2-photon imaging, the scientists were able to detect the calcium changes within these neurons that reflect nerve fiber activity. The study, funded by NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and others, appeared on January 31, 2013, in <em>Nature.</em></p>
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<p>The researchers found that, as expected, nerve fibers expressing the MRGPRD receptor were activated by pinching but not by gentle stroking. In contrast, fibers expressing MRGPRB4 were activated by massage-like stroking, but not by pinching.</p>
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<p>The researchers designed their system so that the targeted neurons could also be activated by a simple chemical injection. This allowed them to explore whether the mice perceived the signals coming from these neurons as pleasing. Mice were placed in an apparatus with 3 chambers. In one chamber, they received injections that activated the targeted neurons. In the other, they received an injection of saline.</p>
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<p>The scientists found that mice preferred the chamber where they received injections to activate MRGPRB4 neurons. In contrast, mice showed no preference for a chamber in which the injection activated MRGPRD neurons.</p>
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<p>“We've known a lot about the neurons that detect things that make us hurt or feel pain, but we've known much less about the identity of the neurons that make us feel good when they are stimulated,” Anderson says.</p>
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<p>These findings open the way to investigate the molecular mechanisms operating in these cells and explore how these neurons communicate to the brain. However, further studies will be needed to identify similar sensory neurons in people.</p>
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<p>“Since there are probably dozens of different kinds of neurons that innervate the skin, we hope this will advance the field by making it possible to figure out all of the different kinds of neurons that detect various types of stimuli,” Anderson says.</p>
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<p>— by Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</p>
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</div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/touch-affects-impressions-decisions" target="_top">Touch Affects Impressions, Decisions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/merkel-cells-give-you-light-touch" target="_top">Merkel Cells Give You a Light Touch</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/warm-hands-warm-feelings" target="_top">Warm Hands, Warm Feelings</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23364746">Nature</a>. 2013 Jan 31;493(7434):669-73. doi: 10.1038/nature11810. PMID: 23364746.</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/risk-future-burden-dementia-united-states">Risk and future burden of dementia in the United States </a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/complete-wiring-map-adult-fruit-fly-brain">Complete wiring map of an adult fruit fly brain</a></p>
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<p><strong>Editor:</strong> Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong><em>NIH Research Matters </em></strong>is a weekly update of NIH research highlights reviewed by NIH’s experts. It's published by the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison">Office of Communications and Public Liaison</a> in the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director">NIH Office of the Director</a>.</p>
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