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<p class="pretitle">Our Biggest Health Challenges</p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Cancer</h1><div class="featured-media"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-featured_media clearfix">
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</picture><span class="caption">This image shows pancreatic cancer cells (nuclei in blue) growing as a sphere encased in membranes (red). By growing cancer cells in the lab, researchers can study factors that promote and prevent the formation of deadly tumors.</span><span class="credit">NCI</span></div>
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</div><div><p>Cancer is one of our nation’s most feared diseases, with more than 1.6 million new cases diagnosed each year. But thanks to NIH research, this number is now falling. Between 1991 and 2014, cancer death rates went down 25 percent.</p>
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<p>NIH research has transformed the way we think about cancer from affecting specific parts of the body to a much more precise understanding of the molecular cause. For example, the drug pembrolizumab is one of a new class of cancer drugs that works by engaging a patient’s immune system to attack his or her tumors. Doctors already use this drug to treat some patients with several specific cancer types, including lung cancer and head and neck cancer. And, very recently, it became the first cancer therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat any type of tumor, regardless of its location in the body, as long as the tumor has specific genetic features that make it much more likely to shrink after treatment with the drug. This is just one example of how genomics has revolutionized our understanding of cancer (see Precision Oncology, p.18).</p>
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<p>Despite gains, there is much work to do. Many clinical trials are testing new targeted treatments, as well as combinations of different cancer therapies. With other federal agencies, NIH is participating in the Cancer MoonshotSM, a bold initiative to accelerate cancer research that aims to make more therapies available to more patients while also improving our ability to prevent cancer and detect it at an early stage.</p>
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