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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2019-02-12T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">February 12, 2019</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Decoding the variety of human antibodies</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Researchers genetically sequenced antibodies in people’s blood and estimated that the body may be able to make up to one quintillion unique antibodies.</li>
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<li>The findings suggest ways to determine a person’s infection history, aid with diagnoses, and design personalized vaccines.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2019/20190212-antibodies.jpg?itok=0DRuA8T9&timestamp=1549984198 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2019/20190212-antibodies.jpg?itok=VXPg8CgB&timestamp=1549984198 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2019/20190212-antibodies.jpg?itok=IbcweulC&timestamp=1549984198 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2019/20190212-antibodies.jpg?itok=ZMYVAP47&timestamp=1549984198 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2019/20190212-antibodies.jpg?itok=VYTSQgBo&timestamp=1549984198 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2019/20190212-antibodies.jpg?itok=VXPg8CgB&timestamp=1549984198" alt="Antibodies." title="Antibodies" />
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</picture><span class="caption">Illustration of antibodies, with heavy chains in blue and light chains in white.</span><span class="credit">Svisio / iStock /Thinkstock</span></div>
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</div><p>The body’s immune system helps prevent or limit infection. One way the body fights foreign invaders, like bacteria and viruses, is by making antibodies against them. An antibody is a Y-shaped protein that’s produced by white blood cells. It’s made of two identical “arms,” each of which has a heavy chain and a light chain. Together, these create specificity for an antigen (the substance that’s causing an immune response).</p>
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<p>Two different white blood cells (B cells and T cells) are involved in the body’s adaptive immune response. This is the specific attack that the body launches against an invader after an initial general immune response, which includes inflammation. B cells make the antibodies that neutralize or kill specific invaders. They also present antigens to T cells. T cells carry out multiple functions, including killing infected cells and activating or recruiting other immune cells to help clear the infection.</p>
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<p>In order to adapt to invaders the body has never encountered before, the immune system can generate countless new antibodies. Scientists previously estimated that the human body can make at least a trillion unique antibodies. To explore the actual combination of antibodies people have developed, a team led by Drs. Bryan Briney and Dennis R. Burton at Scripps Research examined antibody-producing B cells isolated from blood samples of 10 people between the ages of 18 and 30. The research was supported in part by NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Results were published online on January 21, 2019, in <em>Nature.</em></p>
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||
<p>Using large-scale genetic sequencing technologies and analytical software they developed, the researchers examined nearly 3 billion antibody heavy-chain sequences. Based on their findings, they estimated that the human antibody repertoire is much greater than previously thought—with the potential for the body to make a quintillion, or one million trillion, unique antibodies.</p>
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||
<p>The team grouped the antibodies into “clonotypes” based on the similarities of the genes that make up the heavy chain. They found that any two people shared an average of 0.95% clonotypes, and that 0.022% of the clonotypes were shared between all of the individuals. While this might seem low, it’s much higher than suggested by chance. These findings suggest that while there’s great diversity amongst people’s collection of antibodies, there are some types that most people likely share.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>“Antibody repertoire information could soon be used to diagnose autoimmune diseases and chronic infections, for example, or to design vaccines,” Briney says. “Getting clinically relevant insights from this kind of information would be a big step forward, and we’re hoping soon to do that.”</p>
|
||
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||
<p>Additional studies are needed to more accurately determine the full scope of the human antibody repertoire. This sequencing was limited to a small portion of the B cell population in a small number of people.</p>
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<p>—by Tianna Hicklin, Ph.D.</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/immune-system-shaped-environment-more-genes" target="_top">Immune System Shaped by Environment More Than Genes</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/antibody-combination-suppresses-hiv" target="_top">Antibody Combination Suppresses HIV</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/antibodies-ebola-survivor-could-lead-treatments-vaccines" target="_top">Antibodies from Ebola Survivor Could Lead to Treatments and Vaccines</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/approach-targets-autoimmunity" target="_top">Approach Targets Autoimmunity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/origins-autoimmunity-causing-t-cells" target="_top">The Origins of Autoimmunity-Causing T Cells</a></li><li><a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/immune-system-research" target="_top">Immune System Research</a></li><li><a href="https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/autoimmune-diseases" target="_top">Autoimmune Diseases</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30664748">Commonality despite exceptional diversity in the baseline human antibody repertoire.</a> Briney B, Inderbitzin A, Joyce C, Burton DR. <em>Nature</em>. 2019 Jan 21. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0879-y. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 30664748.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Center for Viral Systems Biology; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative through the Neutralizing Antibody Consortium; and the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard.</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-can-we-slow-aging">Research in Context: Can we slow aging?</a></p>
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|
||
<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/brain-changes-observed-during-pregnancy">Brain changes observed during pregnancy</a></p>
|
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|
||
<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-detecting-cancer">Research in Context: Detecting cancer</a></p>
|
||
|
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/risk-future-burden-dementia-united-states">Risk and future burden of dementia in the United States </a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/complete-wiring-map-adult-fruit-fly-brain">Complete wiring map of an adult fruit fly brain</a></p>
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<h3 class="block__title">About NIH Research Matters</h3>
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<p><strong>Editor:</strong> Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong>Assistant Editors:</strong> Vicki Contie and Brian Doctrow, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong><em>NIH Research Matters </em></strong>is a weekly update of NIH research highlights reviewed by NIH’s experts. It's published by the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison">Office of Communications and Public Liaison</a> in the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director">NIH Office of the Director</a>.</p>
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<p>ISSN 2375-9593</p>
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