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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2018-02-27T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">February 27, 2018</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Biological factors and weight loss methods</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<li>Researchers found that certain biological differences didn’t predict whether someone would lose more weight from a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet.</li>
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<li>People lost weight on both diets, which emphasized choosing healthy food options rather than counting calories.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Two overweight women preparing vegetables in the kitchen">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2018/20180227-diet.jpg?itok=6TIwJfpa&timestamp=1519667914 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2018/20180227-diet.jpg?itok=qu4H03Zk&timestamp=1519667914 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2018/20180227-diet.jpg?itok=UXcjB3Cn&timestamp=1519667914 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2018/20180227-diet.jpg?itok=dGl_hpsN&timestamp=1519667914 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2018/20180227-diet.jpg?itok=jaC5-9lr&timestamp=1519667914 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2018/20180227-diet.jpg?itok=qu4H03Zk&timestamp=1519667914" alt="Two overweight women preparing vegetables in the kitchen" title="Two overweight women preparing vegetables in the kitchen" />
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</picture><span class="caption">Researchers are exploring specific biological factors that may influence a person’s success with different diets.</span><span class="credit">monkeybusinessimages/iStock/Thinkstock</span></div>
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</div><p>Most American adults are overweight or obese. Doctors assess weight using body mass index (BMI), a ratio of weight to height. A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight, and obesity is a BMI of 30 or higher. Being overweight or obese puts you at risk for a myriad of health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.</p>
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<p>Researchers have been studying the influence of diet on weight control. Some studies have suggested that <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/food-choice-may-affect-ability-keep-weight">the proportions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein that people eat may be important for losing weight</a>, although <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/research/resources/obesity/completed/pounds-lost.htm">others have not</a>. Doctors sometimes prescribe low-fat or low-carbohydrate diets for weight control. They’ve found that the same diet doesn’t work for everyone, but nobody knows why. Studies have suggested two potential biological factors for success with different diets: metabolic predisposition and genetic predisposition.</p>
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<p>A team led by Dr. Christopher D. Gardner of Stanford University explored the influence of certain biological factors on the success of weight loss with low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets. They analyzed the patterns of genetic variation (genotypes) in three genes that code for proteins involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. A pilot study suggested these patterns could predict weight loss success on different diets. The team also assessed insulin secretion. Previous studies suggested that people with high blood insulin secretion may be more successful on low-carbohydrate diets than low-fat diets.</p>
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<p>The scientists randomized 609 reasonably healthy men and women, aged 18 to 50, to either a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet for 12 months. All of the adults were overweight or obese, with a BMI between 28 and 40. In the low-fat diet group, 130 people had a genotype pattern thought to make them more responsive to a low-fat diet, 83 had a supposedly low-carbohydrate genotype, and 70 had neither. In the low-carb diet group, 97 had the low-carb genotype, 114 had the low-fat genotype, and 76 had neither.</p>
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||
<p>The low-carb diet group was encouraged to reduce intake of grains, cereals, beans, fruits, and other carbohydrate-rich food. The low-fat diet group was told to reduce fatty meats, cooking oil, whole-fat dairy, and other fatty foods. Both groups were asked to eat more vegetables; choose whole foods; and avoid added sugar, refined flour, and unhealthy trans fats. Neither group was given instruction about setting a specific calorie restriction goal. All participants were also encouraged to follow current physical activity recommendations. The results were published on February 20, 2018, in <em>JAMA</em>.</p>
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<p>The team found that there was no significant difference in weight loss between the two groups one year later. The average loss was about 12 pounds in the low-fat diet group and about 13 pounds in the low-carb group. Statistical analysis did not show an influence on weight loss from the low-fat genotype, low-carb genotype, or insulin secretion levels. The findings show the importance of using larger, controlled studies to assess the preliminary results of small studies. However, they don’t rule out the idea that further research will identify genotypes or other factors that do predict responses to low-fat and low-carb diets.</p>
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<p>“This study closes the door on some questions—but it opens the door to others. We have collected extensive data that we can use in secondary, exploratory studies,” Gardner says. “I feel like we owe it to Americans to be smarter than to just say ‘eat less.’ I still think there is an opportunity to discover some personalization to it—now we just need to work on tying the pieces together.”</p>
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<p>The team is now using their data to explore other factors that may influence an individual’s success with weight loss. In the meantime, their results suggest that a higher quality diet, with more vegetables and other whole foods, may help people reduce calorie intake without feeling hungry, and may be a more successful long-term weight control approach than counting calories.</p>
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<p>—by Geri Piazza</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/food-choice-may-affect-ability-keep-weight" target="_top">Food Choice May Affect Ability to Keep Weight Off</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/physical-activity-key-keeping-weight" target="_top">Physical Activity Key to Keeping Weight Off</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/benefits-moderate-weight-loss-people-obesity" target="_top">Benefits of Moderate Weight Loss in People with Obesity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gut-microbes-diet-interact-affect-obesity" target="_top">Gut Microbes and Diet Interact to Affect Obesity</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2016/09/curb-your-eating" target="_top">Curb Your Eating</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/overweight-and-obesity" target="_top">Overweight and Obesity</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29466592">Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association With Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial</a>. Gardner CD, Trepanowski JF, Del Gobbo LC, Hauser ME, Rigdon J, Ioannidis JPA, Desai M, King AC. <em>JAMA</em>. 2018 Feb 20;319(7):667-679. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.0245. PMID: 29466592.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).</p>
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Bldg. 31, Rm. 5B52, MSC 2094<br />
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Bethesda, MD 20892-2094</p></div>
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<h3 class="block__title">Popular Stories</h3>
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<div about="/block/research-matters---popular-stori" class="ds-1col entity entity-bean bean-research-matters-block view-mode-default clearfix">
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-can-we-slow-aging">Research in Context: Can we slow aging?</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/brain-changes-observed-during-pregnancy">Brain changes observed during pregnancy</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-detecting-cancer">Research in Context: Detecting cancer</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/risk-future-burden-dementia-united-states">Risk and future burden of dementia in the United States </a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/complete-wiring-map-adult-fruit-fly-brain">Complete wiring map of an adult fruit fly brain</a></p>
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<h3 class="block__title">About NIH Research Matters</h3>
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<p><strong>Editor:</strong> Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong>Assistant Editors:</strong> Vicki Contie and Brian Doctrow, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong><em>NIH Research Matters </em></strong>is a weekly update of NIH research highlights reviewed by NIH’s experts. It's published by the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison">Office of Communications and Public Liaison</a> in the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director">NIH Office of the Director</a>.</p>
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<p>ISSN 2375-9593</p>
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