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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2017-03-14T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">March 14, 2017</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>How dietary factors influence disease risk </h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<li>Researchers found that eating too much or too little of certain foods and nutrients can raise the risk of dying of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.</li>
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<li>These results suggest ways to change eating habits that may help improve health.</li>
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2017/20170314-diet.jpg?itok=-D3BkkQ5&timestamp=1489431919 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2017/20170314-diet.jpg?itok=Fh-u0_Fi&timestamp=1489431919 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2017/20170314-diet.jpg?itok=dnJeEDkM&timestamp=1489431919 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2017/20170314-diet.jpg?itok=0mqjmBXL&timestamp=1489431919 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2017/20170314-diet.jpg?itok=xV1enpW2&timestamp=1489431919 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2017/20170314-diet.jpg?itok=Fh-u0_Fi&timestamp=1489431919" alt="Young woman at store looking at apples" title="Young woman at store looking at apples" />
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</picture><span class="caption">A healthy eating plan lowers your risk for heart disease and other health conditions. </span><span class="credit">m-imagephotography/iStock/Thinkstock</span></div>
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</div><p>Having too much sugar, salt, or fat in your diet can raise your risk for certain diseases. Healthy eating can lower your risk for heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and other health conditions. A healthy eating plan emphasizes vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products; includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts; and limits saturated and trans fats, sodium, and added sugars.</p>
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<p>The major cardiometabolic diseases—heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes—pose substantial health and economic burdens on society. To better understand how different dietary components affect the risk of dying from these diseases, a research team led by Dr. Dariush Mozaffarian of Tufts University analyzed data from CDC’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and national disease-specific mortality data. The study was supported in part by NIH’s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Results appeared on March 7, 2017, in the <em>Journal of the American Medical Association</em>.</p>
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<p>The researchers investigated the relationships of 10 different foods and nutrients with deaths related to heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. They also compared data on participants’ age, sex, ethnicity, and education. They found that nearly half of all the deaths in the United States in 2012 that were caused by cardiometabolic diseases were associated with suboptimal eating habits. Of 702,308 adult deaths due to heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes, 318,656 (45%) were associated with inadequate consumption of certain foods and nutrients widely considered vital for healthy living, and overconsumption of other foods that are not.</p>
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<p>The highest percentage of cardiometabolic disease-related death (9.5%) was related to excess consumption of sodium. Not eating enough nuts and seeds (8.5%), seafood omega-3 fats (7.8%), vegetables (7.6%), fruits (7.5%), whole grains (5.9%), or polyunsaturated fats (2.3%) also increased risk of death compared with people who had an optimal intake of these foods/nutrients. Eating too much processed meat (8.2%), sugar-sweetened beverages (7.4%), and unprocessed red meat (0.4%) also raised the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes-related deaths.</p>
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||
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<p>The study showed that the proportion of deaths associated with suboptimal diet varied across demographic groups. For instance, the proportion was higher among men than women; among blacks and Hispanics compared to whites; and among those with lower education levels.</p>
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<p>“This study establishes the number of cardiometabolic deaths that can be linked to Americans’ eating habits, and the number is large,” explains Dr. David Goff, director of the NHLBI Division of Cardiovascular Sciences. “Second, it shows how recent reductions in those deaths relate to improvements in diet, and this relationship is strong. There is much work to be done in preventing heart disease, but we also know that better dietary habits can improve our health quickly, and we can act on that knowledge by making and building on small changes that add up over time.”</p>
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<p>These findings are based on averages across the population and aren’t specific to any one person’s individual risk. Many other factors contribute to personal disease risk, including genetic factors and levels of physical activity. Individuals should consult with a health care professional about their particular dietary needs.</p>
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<p>—Tianna Hicklin, Ph.D.</p>
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</div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/risk-red-meat" target="_top">Risk in Red Meat? </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/diet-beverages-body-weight" target="_top">Diet Beverages and Body Weight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/genes-junk-food-weight" target="_top">Genes, Junk Food and Weight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/healthy-diet-may-fend-type-2-diabetes-after-gestational-diabetes" target="_top">Healthy Diet May Fend Off Type 2 Diabetes After Gestational Diabetes</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/issue/jul2012/feature1" target="_top">Digging a Vegetarian Diet: Plant-Based Eating Can Reap Rewards</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/issue/Feb2012/Feature1" target="_top">Love Your Heart: Take Steps To Reduce Heart Risks</a></li><li><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-problems/heart-disease-stroke" target="_top">Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/eat/calories.htm" target="_top">Healthy Eating Plan</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28267855">Association Between Dietary Factors and Mortality From Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States.</a> Micha R, Peñalvo JL, Cudhea F, Imamura F, Rehm CD, Mozaffarian D. <em>JAMA</em>. 2017 Mar 7;317(9):912-924. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.0947. PMID: 28267855.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and Bunge Fellowship in Global Nutrition.</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-can-we-slow-aging">Research in Context: Can we slow aging?</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/risk-future-burden-dementia-united-states">Risk and future burden of dementia in the United States </a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/complete-wiring-map-adult-fruit-fly-brain">Complete wiring map of an adult fruit fly brain</a></p>
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<p><strong>Editor:</strong> Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</p>
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<p><strong><em>NIH Research Matters </em></strong>is a weekly update of NIH research highlights reviewed by NIH’s experts. It's published by the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison">Office of Communications and Public Liaison</a> in the <a href="/institutes-nih/nih-office-director">NIH Office of the Director</a>.</p>
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