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<h2><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></h2> </div>
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2009-12-28T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">December 28, 2009</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>2009 Research Highlights — Insights from the Lab</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>Noteworthy Advances in Basic Research</h3>
<p>NIH has nearly 6,000 NIH staff scientists and supports more than 325,000 researchers with competitive grants to all 50 states, the territories and more than 90 countries around the world. Here's just a small sampling of the accomplishments made by NIH-supported scientists in 2009.</p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Cluster of rounded blue virions" title="Cluster of rounded blue virions" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2009/20091109-flu.jpg?itok=ORZGbqil" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/catching-flus-drift">Catching Flus Drift</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Influenza viruses evade the immune system by constantly changing the shape of their outer proteins. New findings by NIH researchers yielded insights into the evolutionary forces that drive this shape shifting, or antigenic drift. If their model is correct, vaccinating more children against influenza could slow the rate of antigenic drift and extend how long seasonal flu vaccines remain effective. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900932" title="PubMed Abstract: Hemagglutinin receptor binding avidity drives influenza A virus antigenic drift.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Cluster of long, thin cells around a central mass" title="Cluster of long, thin cells around a central mass" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2009/20090406-stemcell.jpg?itok=EEQxiB5p" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/reprogrammed-human-stem-cells-clear-another-hurdle">Reprogrammed Human Stem Cells Clear Another Hurdle</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Researchers funded by NIH developed a technique in which the genes used to reprogram human cells and give them the versatility of embryonic stem cells can be cleanly removed afterward. This advance could open doors to innovative therapies in the future, where people's own cells might be reprogrammed and used to repair damaged tissues and organs. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325077" title="PubMed Abstract: Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="a group of people from India" title="a group of people from India" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2009/20091005-india.jpg?itok=Tev94geT" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title">Landmark Studies Look at Genetics of <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/landmark-study-looks-genetics-africans-african-americans" title="Landmark Study Looks at Genetics of Africans, African Americans">Africans</a>, <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/understanding-indian-ancestry" title="Understanding Indian Ancestry">Indians</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">By analyzing genetic variation in people across Africa—and those of African descent around the world—NIH-funded researchers teased apart the complex evolutionary history of Africans and African Americans. A separate study reconstructed the ancestry of people across India. In addition to revealing important human population history, these studies set the stage for future research into the genetic and environmental risk factors for disease and drug response.<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407144">PubMed Abstract: The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans »</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779445">PubMed Abstract: Reconstructing Indian population history »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Illustration of the human rhinovirus" title="Illustration of the human rhinovirus" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2009/20090413-coldvirus.jpg?itok=XtfPNk1a" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/understanding-common-cold-virus">Understanding a Common Cold Virus</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Rhinoviruses are a major cause of the common cold and may contribute to about half of asthma flare-ups. NIH-funded researchers completed sequencing the genomes of all the known rhinovirus types. These results provide a framework for tracking the movement and evolution of new viruses, and could prove valuable for developing medications and vaccines to combat the viruses in the future. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213880" title="PubMed Abstract: Sequencing and analyses of all known human rhinovirus genomes reveal structure and evolution.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="an image of rod-shaped bacteria" title="an image of rod-shaped bacteria" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2009/20091116-bacteria.jpg?itok=TKgvvqhU" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/wide-variety-bacteria-mapped-across-human-body">Wide Variety of Bacteria Mapped Across the Human Body</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">By analyzing bacterial communities in and on several people, scientists have begun to create an atlas of bacterial diversity that documents the different types of microbes that thrive in distinct regions of the human body. The NIH-funded investigators found wide variability in bacterial communities on each person and between people. The results set the stage for determining how changes in bacterial communities help to cause or prevent disease. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892944" title="PubMed Abstract: Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Illustration of round virus with blunt spikes" title="Illustration of round virus with blunt spikes" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2009/20091207-hiv.jpg?itok=g0Ds-3Je" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/insights-into-how-hiv-evades-immune-system">Insights into How HIV Evades Immune System</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Vaccines typically work by triggering the immune system to produce antibodies that help to beat infections. But most antibodies can't latch onto and neutralize the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). An NIH-led research team discovered how the virus resists these antibodies. Their insights into how antibodies bind the virus may help bring researchers closer to creating an effective HIV vaccine. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965434" title="PubMed Abstract: Structural basis of immune evasion at the site of CD4 attachment on HIV-1 gp120.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Illustation of an alcohol molecule bound to a protein" title="Illustation of an alcohol molecule bound to a protein" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2009/20090713-alcohol.png?itok=6k8NBMRv" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/alcohols-site-action-revealed">Alcohols Site of Action Revealed</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Scientists knew that a membrane channel in brain cells was somehow activated by ethanol, the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. An NIH-funded study finally provided a molecular explanation for how alcohol produces its pleasant and intoxicating effects. The scientists showed that alcohol directly interacts with a specific nook of a channel protein. The breakthrough could lead to new treatments for alcohol abuse and dependence. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561601" title="PubMed Abstract: A discrete alcohol pocket involved in GIRK channel activation.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Scanning electron micrograph of a human egg" title="Scanning electron micrograph of a human egg" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2009/20090601-ova.jpg?itok=fDadlMRt" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/scientists-detect-key-proteins-needed-ovulation">Scientists Detect Key Proteins Needed for Ovulation</a></h4>
<p class="teaser-description">Ovulation—the release of a mature egg from an ovary—results from a complex series of biochemical events that aren't fully understood. NIH-funded researchers have identified 2 proteins that are essential for ovulation in mice. The finding not only advances our understanding of ovulation; it may one day lead to new treatments for infertility as well as new ways to prevent pregnancy by blocking release of the egg. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19443782" title="PubMed Abstract: MAPK3/1 (ERK1/2) in ovarian granulosa cells are essential for female fertility.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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