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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2011-12-31T00:00:00-05:00" class="date-display-single">December 31, 2011</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>2011 Research Highlights — Insights from the Lab</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>Noteworthy Advances in Basic Research</h3>
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<p>NIH conducts and funds wide-ranging research to improve the nation's health. With NIH support, scientists across the country and around the world uncover basic biomedical advances and conduct the clinical and translational research that transforms discoveries into medical practice. Here's just a small sampling of the accomplishments made by NIH-supported scientists in 2011.</p>
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<div class="teaser">
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<div class="teaser-thumbnail"><div class="media media-element-container media-thumbnail"><div id="file-9026" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/2011/20110502-sleep.jpg">20110502-sleep.jpg</a></h2>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Photo of a woman nodding off at her desk" title="Photo of a woman nodding off at her desk" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2011/20110502-sleep.jpg?itok=AObcvdwX" /> </div>
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</div>
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</div></div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/sleep-deprived-neurons-caught-nodding">Sleep-Deprived Neurons Caught Nodding Off</a></h4>
|
||
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||
<p class="teaser-description">A new study gave insight into the roots of sleepiness. When NIH-funded researchers deprived rats of sleep, they caught neurons in the thinking part of the animals' brains taking catnaps. The longer the rats were awake, the more neurons they saw having brief “off” periods, which was linked to more difficulty touching a target. The study suggests that lowered performance in tired people might be due to neurons nodding off. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21525926" title="PubMed Abstract: Local sleep in awake rats.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<div class="teaser-thumbnail"><div class="media media-element-container media-thumbnail"><div id="file-9306" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Photo of medicine bottles and capsules" title="Photo of medicine bottles and capsules" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2011/20110912-medicines.jpg?itok=qAiiW1QF" /> </div>
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</div>
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</div></div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/new-uses-existing-medicines">New Uses for Existing Medicines</a></h4>
|
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|
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<p class="teaser-description">In a novel approach, researchers used computers and genomic data to find new applications for existing FDA-approved drugs. Computer algorithms correctly paired diseases with their current treatments, and also found new disease-drug pairs. Two of these drugs were tested in rodent models and effectively treated the paired disease. This new method represents a major step forward in drug discovery. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21849665" title="PubMed Abstract: Discovery and preclinical validation of drug indications using compendia of public gene expression data.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Photo of a male baboon" title="Photo of a male baboon" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2011/20110725-beta.jpg?itok=ZT_enC_h" /> </div>
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</div></div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/benefits-being-beta-male">The Benefits of Being a Beta Male</a></h4>
|
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|
||
<p class="teaser-description">In male baboons, higher social rank generally brings lower stress. But a 9-year NIH-funded study of 125 baboons found an exception: the highest-ranked males had higher stress levels than second-ranking males. The researchers found that the top-ranked males spent significantly more energy guarding fertile females and behaving aggressively toward other males. The finding suggests that life at the very top can be more costly than previously thought. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764751" title="PubMed Abstract: Life at the top: rank and stress in wild male baboons.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<div class="teaser">
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<div class="teaser-thumbnail"><div class="media media-element-container media-thumbnail"><div id="file-9106" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Photo of a young boy looking out a window cropped" title="Photo of a young boy looking out a window cropped" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2011/20110613-autism-cropped.jpg?itok=2ng82txt" /> </div>
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</div>
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</div></div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/autism-blurs-distinctions-between-brain-regions">Autism Blurs Distinctions Between Brain Regions</a></h4>
|
||
|
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<p class="teaser-description">An analysis of gene expression in the brain suggested that autism blurs the molecular differences that normally distinguish different brain regions. In an NIH-funded study, researchers found that of the hundreds of genes expressed at different levels between the frontal and temporal cortexes in normal brains, only 8 genes were expressed differentially in brains from people with autism. The finding may point to a common molecular basis for autism spectrum disorders. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614001" title="PubMed Abstract: Transcriptomic analysis of autistic brain reveals convergent molecular pathology.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<div class="teaser-thumbnail"><div class="media media-element-container media-thumbnail"><div id="file-9076" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/2011/20110613-xmrv.jpg">20110613-xmrv.jpg</a></h2>
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Transmission electron micrograph of round virus particles" title="Transmission electron micrograph of round virus particles" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2011/20110613-xmrv.jpg?itok=hR935ajG" /> </div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/study-undermines-xmrv-connection-human-disease">Study Undermines XMRV Connection to Human Disease</a></h4>
|
||
|
||
<p class="teaser-description">The retrovirus previously tied to prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome is unlikely to be responsible for either, according to an NIH study. Scientists found that the original patients and early patient tissue samples didn’t contain XMRV, while later samples grown in the lab did carry the virus. The link to human disease was apparently due to contamination of samples while the tissues were grown in mice. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21628392" title="PubMed Abstract: Recombinant origin of the retrovirus XMRV.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
|
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</div>
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<div class="teaser">
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<div class="teaser-thumbnail"><div class="media media-element-container media-thumbnail"><div id="file-9261" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/2011/20110926-optimism-cropped.jpg">20110926-optimism-cropped.jpg</a></h2>
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<div class="content">
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Photo of an optimistic young Japanese woman cropped" title="Photo of an optimistic young Japanese woman cropped" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2011/20110926-optimism-cropped.jpg?itok=AmnvpxAy" /> </div>
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</div>
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</div></div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/gene-linked-optimism-self-esteem">Gene Linked to Optimism and Self-Esteem</a></h4>
|
||
|
||
<p class="teaser-description">Why can some people weather difficult times with little trouble while others crumble? An NIH-funded study suggested that the answer lies—at least in part—in your genes. Scientists found that people with 1 or 2 copies of a variant OXTR gene were less optimistic, had lower self-esteem and felt less control over their environment than those with 2 copies of a different variant. The gene is likely one of many that affect psychological resilience. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896752" title="PubMed Abstract: Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is related to psychological resources.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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||
</div>
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<div class="teaser">
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<div class="teaser-thumbnail"><div class="media media-element-container media-thumbnail"><div id="file-9021" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/2011/20110509-microbe.jpg">20110509-microbe.jpg</a></h2>
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<div class="content">
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Microscope image of microbes on intestine surface" title="Microscope image of microbes on intestine surface" class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2011/20110509-microbe.jpg?itok=UMkfR_7c" /> </div>
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</div>
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</div></div>
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/survival-tactics-common-gut-microbe">Survival Tactics of a Common Gut Microbe</a></h4>
|
||
|
||
<p class="teaser-description">Scientists discovered how a common gut bacterium sends a “do not attack” signal to the immune system. Using mice with only one type of microbe in their intestines, the NIH-funded researchers found that a friendly gut bacterium uses a molecule called Polysaccharide A to activate certain cells in the mouse intestine. Those cells then turn down the immune response. The finding helps explain how our bodies distinguish between harmful microbes and those essential for health. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512004" title="PubMed Abstract: The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
|
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</div>
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<div class="teaser">
|
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<div class="teaser-thumbnail"><div class="media media-element-container media-thumbnail"><div id="file-9366" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/2011/20111024-genome.jpg">20111024-genome.jpg</a></h2>
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<div class="content">
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<img height="150" width="150" alt="Illustration of a DNA double helix with insets showing close-up views of amino acids within." title="Illustration of a DNA double helix with insets showing close-up views of amino acids within." class="media-element file-thumbnail" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/news-events/research-matters/2011/20111024-genome.jpg?itok=5PY4ztXW" /> </div>
|
||
|
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</div>
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||
</div></div>
|
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<h4 class="teaser-title"><a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters/genome-comparison-casts-light-dark-areas-dna">Genome Comparison Casts Light on Dark Areas of DNA</a></h4>
|
||
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<p class="teaser-description">A massive NIH-supported effort to sequence and compare 29 mammalian genomes shed new light on the “dark matter” of the genome, the over 98% of DNA that doesn't code for proteins. Scientists found that 5% of the genome is more similar than expected, or “constrained” by evolution. The study revealed previously undiscovered DNA segments that code for RNA and protein, and millions of other elements that may control gene expression. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21993624" title="PubMed Abstract: A high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29 mammals.">PubMed Abstract »</a></p>
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<p>Prepared by Lesley Earl, Ph.D.<br />
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Editor: <a href="mailto:weinh@od.nih.gov">Harrison Wein, Ph.D.</a><br />
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January 2012</p>
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