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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2024-05-14T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">May 14, 2024</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Understanding how exercise affects the body </h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>A study of endurance training in rats found molecular changes throughout the body that could help explain the beneficial effects of exercise on health.</li>
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<li>Large differences were seen between male and female rats, highlighting the need to include both women and men in exercise studies.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Woman tying her running shoe laces.">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2024/20240514-exercise.jpg?itok=cCvR9GNo&timestamp=1715645654 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2024/20240514-exercise.jpg?itok=8tNSK9OE&timestamp=1715645654 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2024/20240514-exercise.jpg?itok=wv-H9Gb9&timestamp=1715645654 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2024/20240514-exercise.jpg?itok=pJIp8DVB&timestamp=1715645654 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2024/20240514-exercise.jpg?itok=PjnBHx89&timestamp=1715645654 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2024/20240514-exercise.jpg?itok=8tNSK9OE&timestamp=1715645654" alt="Woman tying her running shoe laces." title="Woman tying her running shoe laces." />
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</picture><span class="caption">The study helps explain how aerobic exercise brings benefits throughout the body. </span><span class="credit">Ground Picture / Shutterstock</span></div>
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||
</div><p>Exercise is one of the most beneficial activities that people can engage in. Regular exercise reduces the risk of heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and other health problems. It can even help people with many mental health conditions feel better.</p>
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||
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||
<p>But exactly how exercise exerts its positive effects hasn’t been well understood. And different people’s bodies can respond very differently to certain types of exercise, such as aerobic exercise or strength training.</p>
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||
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||
<p>Understanding how exercise impacts different organs at the molecular level could help health care providers better personalize exercise recommendations. It might also lead to drug therapies that could stimulate some of the beneficial effects of a workout for people who are physically unable to exercise.</p>
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||
<p>To this end, researchers in the large, NIH-funded Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) have been studying how endurance exercise and strength training affect both people and animals. The team is examining gene activity, protein alterations, immune cell function, metabolite levels, and numerous other measures of cell and tissue function. The first results, from rat studies of endurance exercise, were published on May 2, 2024, in <em>Nature</em> and several related journals.</p>
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||
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||
<p>Both male and female rats underwent progressive exercise training on a treadmill over an 8-week period. By the end of training, male rats had increased their aerobic capacity by 18%, and females by 16%. Tissue samples were collected from 18 different organs, plus the blood, during the training period and two days after the final bout of exercise. This let the researchers study the longer-term adaptations of the body to exercise.</p>
|
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||
<p>Changes in gene activity, immune cell function, metabolism, and other cellular processes were seen in all the tissues studied, including those not previously known to be affected by exercise. The types of changes differed from tissue to tissue.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Many of the observed changes hinted at how exercise might protect certain organs against disease. For example, in the small intestines, exercise decreased the activity of certain genes associated with inflammatory bowel disease and reduced signs of inflammation in the gut. In the liver, exercise boosted molecular changes associated with improved tissue health and regeneration.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Some of the effects differed substantially between male and female rats. For example, in male rats, the eight weeks of endurance training reduced the amount of a type of body fat called subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT). The same amount of exercise didn’t reduce the amount of scWAT in female rats. Instead, endurance exercise caused scWAT in female rats to alter its energy usage in ways that are beneficial to health. These and other results highlight the importance of including both women and men in exercise studies.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The researchers also compared gene activity changes in the rat studies with those from human samples taken from previous studies and found substantial overlap. They identified thousands of genes tied to human disease that were affected by endurance exercise. These analyses show how the MoTrPAC results from rats can be used to help guide future research in people.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>“This is the first whole-organism map looking at the effects of training in multiple different organs,” says Dr. Steve Carr, a MoTrPAC investigator from the Broad Institute. “The resource produced will be enormously valuable, and has already produced many potentially novel biological insights for further exploration.”</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Human trials are expected in the next few years. Information on participating can be found <a href="https://www.motrpac.org/join/recruitmentHome.cfm">here</a>.</p>
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||
<p>—by Sharon Reynolds</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gut-microbes-may-affect-motivation-exercise" target="_top">Gut Microbes May Affect Motivation to Exercise</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/exercise-induced-molecule-reduces-obesity-mice" target="_top">Exercise-Induced Molecule Reduces Obesity in Mice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/testing-ways-encourage-exercise" target="_top">Testing Ways to Encourage Exercise</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/hormone-links-exercise-cognitive-benefits" target="_top">Hormone Links Exercise with Cognitive Benefits</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/exercise-induced-protein-may-reverse-age-related-cognitive-decline" target="_top">Exercise-Induced Protein May Reverse Age-Related Cognitive Decline</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/getting-active-later-life-brings-benefits" target="_top">Getting Active Later in Life Brings Benefits</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2024/05/get-active-together" target="_top">Get Active Together: Social Support Can Help Keep You Moving</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2020/07/personalized-exercise" target="_top">Personalized Exercise? How Biology Influences Fitness</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2020/03/maintain-your-muscle" target="_top">Maintain Your Muscle: Strength Training at Any Age</a></li><li><a href="https://commonfund.nih.gov/MolecularTransducers" target="_top">Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.motrpac.org/join/recruitmentHome.cfm" target="_top">Participating in MoTrPAC</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38693412/">Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training.</a> MoTrPAC Study Group; Lead Analysts; MoTrPAC Study Group. <em>Nature</em>. 2024 May;629(8010):174-183. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06877-w. Epub 2024 May 1. PMID: 38693412.<br /><br />
|
||
|
||
<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38693320/">Sexual dimorphism and the multi-omic response to exercise training in rat subcutaneous white adipose tissue.</a> Many GM, Sanford JA, Sagendorf TJ, Hou Z, Nigro P, Whytock KL, Amar D, Caputo T, Gay NR, Gaul DA, Hirshman MF, Jimenez-Morales D, Lindholm ME, Muehlbauer MJ, Vamvini M, Bergman BC, Fernández FM, Goodyear LJ, Hevener AL, Ortlund EA, Sparks LM, Xia A, Adkins JN, Bodine SC, Newgard CB, Schenk S; MoTrPAC Study Group. <em>Nat Metab</em>. 2024 May 1. doi: 10.1038/s42255-023-00959-9. Online ahead of print. PMID: 38693320.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38693125/">The impact of exercise on gene regulation in association with complex trait genetics.</a> Vetr NG, Gay NR; MoTrPAC Study Group; Montgomery SB. <em>Nat Commun</em>. 2024 May 1;15(1):3346. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45966-w. PMID: 38693125.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s Office of the Director (OD), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and National Library of Medicine (NLM); Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; National Science Foundation (NSF).</p>
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