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<div about="/news-events/nih-research-matters/discrimination-may-lead-unhealthy-gut-brain-changes" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="ds-1col node node--nih-research-matters view-mode-full node--full node--nih-research-matters--full clearfix">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2023-10-24T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">October 24, 2023</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Discrimination may lead to unhealthy gut-brain changes</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>People who reported high levels of discrimination in their daily lives had increased brain activity in response to unhealthy food triggers.</li>
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<li>This group also had higher levels of gut molecules that play a role in important brain-signaling pathways.</li>
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<li>The findings suggest that discrimination may help trigger unhealthy brain-gut crosstalk that contributes to inflammation, obesity, and other health problems.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Black woman holding plates with one plate with fruits and one with cakes and donuts, looking at the unhealthy plate with skepticism">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20231024-food-choice.jpg?itok=bS8JlU0x&timestamp=1698165046 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20231024-food-choice.jpg?itok=1FBXliS5&timestamp=1698165046 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20231024-food-choice.jpg?itok=UggZ7Tcg&timestamp=1698165046 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20231024-food-choice.jpg?itok=0Dg4qSM2&timestamp=1698165046 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20231024-food-choice.jpg?itok=x_vnuXBh&timestamp=1698165046 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20231024-food-choice.jpg?itok=1FBXliS5&timestamp=1698165046" alt="Black woman holding plates with one plate with fruits and one with cakes and donuts, looking at the unhealthy plate with skepticism." title="Black woman holding plates with one plate with fruits and one with cakes and donuts, looking at the unhealthy plate with skepticism" />
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</picture><span class="caption">The study suggests that experiencing discrimination may increase brain activity in response to unhealthy food. </span><span class="credit">Prostock-studio / Shutterstock</span></div>
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</div><p>Discrimination—whether based on race, sex, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors—can be a significant source of stress. Correspondingly, discrimination has been linked to an increased risk of many health problems associated with stress.</p>
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<p>One heath problem that has a strong association with discrimination and stress is obesity. Racial minority groups in the U.S. that experience high levels of discrimination have higher rates of obesity and medical issues associated with obesity. But whether discrimination might directly contribute to the development of obesity isn’t well understood.</p>
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<p>In a new study, funded in part by NIH, a research team led by Dr. Arpana Gupta from the University of California, Los Angeles analyzed brain activity and compounds produced in the gut to look more closely at these links. Their results were published on October 2, 2023, in <em>Nature Mental Health</em>.</p>
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||
<p>The researchers recruited 107 volunteers from their local community. They assessed the participants’ experience of lifetime discrimination based on responses to a series of questions. The responses were coded on a standard scale. Based on these scores, participants were divided into a high-discrimination group and a low-discrimination group.</p>
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<p>All volunteers then underwent brain imaging while they were shown images of unhealthy and healthy foods. They were also asked how willing they were to eat those foods. People in the high-discrimination group had greater brain reactivity to all images of food than those in the low-discrimination group, especially to those of unhealthy sweet foods.</p>
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<p>Brain areas where this activity increased included those involved in processing rewards and exercising self-control. People in the high-discrimination group also reported greater willingness to eat the unhealthy foods they were shown.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>Two compounds related to glutamate were found at substantially higher levels in the guts of people in the high-discrimination group. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter—a chemical that helps neurons communicate. High levels of these compounds have been associated with inflammation and obesity. Glutamate also plays a role in the brain’s response to food cues. The higher levels of these compounds in the high-discrimination group were associated with the participants’ greater response to food cues.</p>
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<p>“Our results show that a person’s brain-gut crosstalk may change in response to ongoing experiences of discrimination. [This may affect] food choices, cravings, brain function, and contribute to alterations in gut chemistry that have been implicated in stress and inflammation,” Gupta says. “These alterations may ultimately cause people exposed to discrimination to be more vulnerable to obesity and obesity-related disorders.”</p>
|
||
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<p>The current research could only show a correlation between the perception of discrimination and unhealthy gut-brain changes. More work is needed to track how changes in the brain and body in response to discrimination impact health over time.</p>
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<p>—by Sharon Reynolds</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gut-microbes-may-affect-motivation-exercise" target="_top">Gut Microbes May Affect Motivation to Exercise</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/why-you-feel-full-after-eating" target="_top">Why You Feel Full After Eating</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/highly-processed-foods-form-bulk-us-youths-diets" target="_top">Highly Processed Foods Form Bulk of U.S. Youths' Diets</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/stress-links-poverty-inflammation-heart-disease" target="_top">Stress Links Poverty to Inflammation and Heart Disease</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/eating-highly-processed-foods-linked-weight-gain" target="_top">Eating Highly Processed Foods Linked to Weight Gain</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gut-communicates-directly-brain" target="_top">Gut Communicates Directly with Brain</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/lingering-feelings-over-daily-stresses-may-impact-long-term-health" target="_top">Lingering Feelings Over Daily Stresses May Impact Long-Term Health</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-dietary-factors-influence-disease-risk" target="_top">How Dietary Factors Influence Disease Risk</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/research-context-obesity-metabolic-health" target="_top">Research in Context: Obesity and Metabolic Health</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/resources/understanding-health-disparities" target="_top">Understanding Health Disparities</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong>Discrimination exposure impacts unhealthy processing of food cues: crosstalk between the brain and gut. Zhang, X., Wang, H., Kilpatrick, L.A. <em>et al.</em> <em>Nat. Mental Health</em> (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-023-00134-9">https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-023-00134-9</a>.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); Ahmanson–Lovelace Brain Mapping Center.</p>
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