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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2023-09-05T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">September 5, 2023</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Air pollution linked to dementia cases</h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Higher levels of a type of air pollution called PM<sub>2.5</sub> were linked to a higher number of dementia cases developing over time.</li>
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<li>The strongest links between pollution and dementia were seen for PM<sub>2.5</sub> from agriculture and wildfires.</li>
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<li>Reducing such exposures might help lower the incidence of dementia.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Silhouette of elderly man walking alone outside a city on a hazy, polluted day.">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230905-dementia.jpg?itok=2hzGBBD4&timestamp=1693585268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230905-dementia.jpg?itok=FkByBxr-&timestamp=1693585268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230905-dementia.jpg?itok=rHiNBwBf&timestamp=1693585268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230905-dementia.jpg?itok=ahfuPYbg&timestamp=1693585268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230905-dementia.jpg?itok=0Ifj7UhA&timestamp=1693585268 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230905-dementia.jpg?itok=FkByBxr-&timestamp=1693585268" alt="Silhouette of elderly man walking alone outside a city on a hazy, polluted day." title="Silhouette of elderly man walking alone outside a city on a hazy, polluted day." />
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</picture><span class="caption">The study adds to a growing body of evidence that air pollution can have effects in the body well beyond the lungs. </span><span class="credit">Alex Linch / Shutterstock</span></div>
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</div><p>Dementia is a loss of thinking, remembering, and reasoning skills. It’s not a normal part of aging. But the risk of developing dementia grows as people get older. Millions of Americans, along with their families and caregivers, are living with the effects of dementia. This number is expected to continue to grow as the population ages.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Exposure to a type of air pollution called fine particulate matter, or PM<sub>2.5</sub>, has recently been identified as a potential risk factor for dementia. The reason for the connection is not yet well understood. Researchers do know that fine particulates can affect the lungs, circulate in the blood, and move into the brain where they might be able to cause direct damage.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>But there are many sources of fine particulate matter, and it hasn’t been clear whether PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution from some sources pose greater risks than others. Particulates from various sources, such as traffic, agriculture, and smoke, can be physically and chemically different.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>An NIH-funded study led by Drs. Boya Zhang and Sara Adar from the University of Michigan examined the links between different types of PM<sub>2.5</sub> air pollution and dementia. They looked at data from more than 27,000 adults aged 50 and older in the <a href="https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/about">Health and Retirement Study</a>, an ongoing national study of aging, collected between 1992 and 2016. As part of the study, participants underwent cognitive testing every two years or had caretakers report on their memory and cognitive function. The mean period of follow-up was 10.2 years. The average age of participants was 60.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The researchers estimated pollution exposures for the participants using models that included real-time pollution measurements and aspects of their homes like geography, land use, and local emissions sources. They also considered other factors that can influence dementia risk. These included age, sex, race and ethnicity, education, and household wealth. In addition, they estimated how other airborne pollutants, such as ozone, might affect the results. The study was published on August 14, 2023, in <em>JAMA Internal Medicine</em>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The team found that 4,105 of the people studied—15%—developed dementia during the follow-up period. Those who did were more likely to be non-White, to have less formal education, less wealth, and to live in places with higher levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Overall, higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure was linked to an increased risk of dementia. The team also examined nine specific sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub>: agriculture, road traffic, nonroad traffic, burning coal for energy, burning coal for industry, other energy production, other industry, wildfires, and windblown dust. After consideration of all sources, PM<sub>2.5</sub> from agriculture and wildfires were specifically associated with an increased risk of dementia.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The researchers estimated that, if PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure truly is a cause of cognitive decline and dementia, as many as 188,000 cases of dementia per year might be due to PM<sub>2.5</sub>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>“As we experience the effects of air pollution from wildfires and other emissions locally and internationally, these findings contribute to the strong evidence needed to best inform health and policy decisions,” says Dr Richard J. Hodes, director of NIH’s National Institute on Aging.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>Further study is needed to confirm these results and better understand if reducing specific types of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution would help lower the burden of dementia in the population.</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/racial-residential-segregation-airborne-toxic-metals" target="_top">Racial Residential Segregation and Airborne Toxic Metals</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/poor-air-quality-across-northeastern-public-transit-systems" target="_top">Poor Air Quality Across Northeastern Public Transit Systems</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/drop-coal-power-plant-emissions-associated-asthma-improvements" target="_top">Drop in Coal Power Plant Emissions Associated with Asthma Improvements</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/air-pollution-associated-worsening-emphysema" target="_top">Air Pollution Associated with Worsening Emphysema</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/air-pollution-associated-increase-nicu-admissions" target="_top">Air Pollution Associated with Increase in NICU Admissions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/asthma-cases-dropped-when-air-pollution-declined" target="_top">Asthma Cases Dropped When Air Pollution Declined</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/air-pollution-linked-risk-premature-death" target="_top">Air Pollution Linked to Risk of Premature Death</a></li><li><a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2018/09/breathe-easier" target="_top">Breathe Easier: Dealing with Bad Air Quality</a></li><li><a href="https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution/" target="_top">Air Pollution and Your Health</a></li><li><a href="https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution" target="_top">Particulate Matter (PM) Pollution (EPA)</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37578757/">Comparison of Particulate Air Pollution From Different Emission Sources and Incident Dementia in the US.</a> Zhang B, Weuve J, Langa KM, D'Souza J, Szpiro A, Faul J, Mendes de Leon C, Gao J, Kaufman JD, Sheppard L, Lee J, Kobayashi LC, Hirth R, Adar SD. <em>JAMA Intern Med</em>. 2023 Aug 14:e233300. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3300. Online ahead of print. PMID: 37578757.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute on Aging (NIA) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); Social Security Administration.</p>
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