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<h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/news-events">News & Events</a> » <a href="/news-events/nih-research-matters">NIH Research Matters</a></div> <div class="l-region l-region--section-header">
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<div about="/news-events/nih-research-matters/new-insights-into-brain-s-motor-cortex" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="ds-1col node node--nih-research-matters view-mode-full node--full node--nih-research-matters--full clearfix">
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<p class="publishdate"><span property="dc:date" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2023-05-02T00:00:00-04:00" class="date-display-single">May 2, 2023</span></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>New insights into the brain’s motor cortex </h1><div class="callout callout-with-border"><h3>At a Glance</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>A brain region long known to control specific muscle movements also has a more complex role related to planning and coordinating movements.</li>
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<li>The findings may help to shed new light on the dynamic relationship between brain and body.</li>
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</ul></div><div class="media-float-right"><div class="ds-1col file file-image file-image-jpeg view-mode-floated_media clearfix">
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<picture title="Top view of human brain illustration showing a thin band descending on either side.">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-large/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230502-adobe-brain.jpg?itok=llWy6jSy&timestamp=1682962009 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 960px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230502-adobe-brain.jpg?itok=AbDHwnnk&timestamp=1682962009 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230502-adobe-brain.jpg?itok=hjvqxP7A&timestamp=1682962009 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-small/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230502-adobe-brain.jpg?itok=21ppvczr&timestamp=1682962009 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" />
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-tiny/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230502-adobe-brain.jpg?itok=Eqp0KsGV&timestamp=1682962009 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)" />
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/research-matters/2023/20230502-adobe-brain.jpg?itok=AbDHwnnk&timestamp=1682962009" alt="Top view of human brain illustration showing a thin band descending on either side." title="Top view of human brain illustration showing a thin band descending on either side." />
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||
</picture><span class="caption">Researchers found that the brain’s primary motor cortex is structured differently than thought before. </span><span class="credit">Kateryna Kon / Shutterstock</span></div>
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</div><p>The brain’s primary motor cortex is a thin band of nerve cells and circuits that extends from the top of the head and downward on both sides. It’s long been thought to have a straightforward role as the brain’s command center for voluntary muscle movements, sending out signals that trigger movements in specific body parts. Complex movements were believed to be coordinated by other areas of the brain.</p>
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||
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<p>A century ago, a systematic study involved electrically stimulating different human brain areas during surgery to see the resulting body movements. The study revealed a well-organized “body map.” This research led to a familiar drawing of the cortical band that’s taught in biology classrooms to this day. The drawing shows the motor cortex as an orderly continuum from head to toe. One end primarily controls face-related movements, followed by regions that control the hands and then the feet.</p>
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||
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||
<p>In recent decades, studies have questioned this linear body map in the motor cortex. For instance, studies in nonhuman primates suggested that the map may be divided into concentric zones instead of a continuous row. So digits like fingers might be in the middle, surrounded by areas for the wrists, elbows, then shoulders. Other studies found that large portions of the primary motor cortex seemed to prompt no muscle movements at all, but revealed connections to brain areas controlling other functions.</p>
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||
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||
<p>To learn more, a team led by Drs. Evan Gordon and Nico Dosenbach at Washington University in St. Louis used an advanced imaging method called precision fMRI to reexamine the function and organization of the human motor cortex. The technique involved repeatedly scanning each person’s brain over many hours to create high-resolution brain maps for each individual. Results appeared in <em>Nature </em>on April 19, 2023.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>The team began by analyzing the brains of seven healthy adults who were resting or performing simple movements, such as closing a hand, flexing a foot, swallowing, or winking. Brains were also scanned while planning movements or simultaneously moving different body parts.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Results showed that the regions controlling the face, hands, and feet were generally located where expected. But interspersed among these regions were three thinner areas that did not seem to control specific muscles or movement. Rather, they were functionally linked to each other and to brain regions that may play roles in goal-oriented action, arousal, pain, and physiological control. The authors named these functionally linked regions the somato-cognitive action network (SCAN).</p>
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||
<p>Additional fMRI studies suggested that the familiar motor regions that control specific movements are structured in a concentric rather than linear fashion, as had been seen in nonhuman primates. The concentric rings that control movements of the foot, hand, and mouth are separated from each other by the integrated SCAN regions.</p>
|
||
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||
<p>Overall, the researchers propose that the motor cortex includes two distinct and interactive systems. One includes the well-known regions that provide precise movement control. The other is the SCAN system that helps coordinates complex movements.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>“We pulled together a lot of different data in addition to our own observations, and zoomed out and synthesized it, and came up with a new way of thinking about how the body and the mind are tied together,” Dosenbach says.</p>
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<p>—by Vicki Contie</p></div><h2 class="label-above">Related Links</h2><ul class="spaced print-urls"><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/spinal-cord-stimulation-improves-arm-hand-movements-after-stroke" target="_top">Spinal Cord Stimulation Improves Arm, Hand Movements After Stroke</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/mapping-mammalian-motor-cortex" target="_top">Mapping the Mammalian Motor Cortex </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/expanded-map-human-brain" target="_top">An Expanded Map of the Human Brain </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/complex-brain-has-simple-grid-structure" target="_top">Complex Brain Has Simple Grid Structure</a></li><li><a href="https://directorsblog.nih.gov/tag/motor-cortex/" target="_top">The Amazing Brain: Where Thoughts Trigger Body Movement</a></li><li><a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/public-education/brain-basics/brain-basics-know-your-brain" target="_top">Brain Basics: Know Your Brain</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/research-initiatives/human-connectome-project-hcp" target="_top">Human Connectome</a></li><li><a href="https://nida.nih.gov/drug-topics/adolescent-brain/longitudinal-study-adolescent-brain-cognitive-development-abcd-study" target="_top">Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study</a></li></ul><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">References: </strong><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37076628/">A somato-cognitive action network alternates with effector regions in motor cortex.</a> Gordon EM, Chauvin RJ, Van AN, Rajesh A, Nielsen A, Newbold DJ, Lynch CJ, Seider NA, Krimmel SR, Scheidter KM, Monk J, Miller RL, Metoki A, Montez DF, Zheng A, Elbau I, Madison T, Nishino T, Myers MJ, Kaplan S, Badke D'Andrea C, Demeter DV, Feigelis M, Ramirez JSB, Xu T, Barch DM, Smyser CD, Rogers CE, Zimmermann J, Botteron KN, Pruett JR, Willie JT, Brunner P, Shimony JS, Kay BP, Marek S, Norris SA, Gratton C, Sylvester CM, Power JD, Liston C, Greene DJ, Roland JL, Petersen SE, Raichle ME, Laumann TO, Fair DA, Dosenbach NUF. <em>Nature</em>. 2023 Apr 19. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05964-2. Online ahead of print. PMID: 37076628.</p><p class="footnote"><strong class="label-inline">Funding: </strong>NIH’s National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); National Science Foundation, Eagles Autism Challenge, Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association, and Taylor Family Foundation.</p>
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