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<p class="pretitle"><a href="/about-nih/what-we-do/impact-nih-research/improving-health">Improving Health</a></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Immune System</h1><div><div class="flipcard-container masonry-container">
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||
<div class="box flipcard">
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||
<div class="flipcard-front">
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<div class="flipcard-content">
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<h3>RSV Vaccine</h3>
|
||
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<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-78741" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-rsv-vaccine.jpg">immune-system--rsv-vaccine.jpg</a></h2>
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<picture title="Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)" class="media-element">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rsv-vaccine.jpg?itok=yb0ZIIpU&timestamp=1702069483 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rsv-vaccine.jpg?itok=LRu8VV4j&timestamp=1702069483 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rsv-vaccine.jpg?itok=3rS7XmfT&timestamp=1702069483 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rsv-vaccine.jpg?itok=ocf-l-Ph&timestamp=1702069483 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rsv-vaccine.jpg?itok=yb0ZIIpU&timestamp=1702069483" alt="Creative artwork featuring 3D renderings of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)—a common contagious virus that infects the human respiratory tract." title="Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)" />
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</picture> </div>
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<p>In 2023, due in part to over 60 years of NIH-supported research, FDA approved a safe and effective vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which reduces the risk of severe disease by 94.1% in people over 60. RSV causes up to 160,000 adults over the age of 65 to be hospitalized per year in the U.S.</p>
|
||
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<p class="credit">Image credit: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH</p>
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<ul class="spaced">
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||
<li>RSV usually causes mild symptoms similar to a common cold. However, up to 10,000 adults over 65 die as a result of the virus each year in the U.S.</li>
|
||
<li>In 1957, NIH researchers identified RSV as a virus associated with respiratory illness in children, and through subsequent decades of research, NIH scientists discovered how to help the body elicit a stronger protective immune response against the virus.</li>
|
||
<li>This vaccine is approved for adults over 60 years of age and pregnant people. Vaccines are in development for children and younger adults.</li>
|
||
</ul>
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<div class="flipcard-content">
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<h3>Vaccines</h3>
|
||
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<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73131" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-vaccines.jpg">immune-system--vaccines.jpg</a></h2>
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--vaccines.jpg?itok=ePu3ogWJ&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--vaccines.jpg?itok=CGZwgEYE&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--vaccines.jpg?itok=_emDM9N9&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--vaccines.jpg?itok=Jjeq7Bs-&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--vaccines.jpg?itok=ePu3ogWJ&timestamp=1674857083" alt="A scientist in the Vaccine Research Center at NIH" title="Vaccines" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
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|
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|
||
<p>NIH has led the world in the identification of viral pathogens and subsequent development and testing of vaccines. NIH researchers have played an integral role in the development of roughly half of all FDA-approved vaccines currently in use, collectively saving millions of lives each year.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH</p>
|
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</div>
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<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce immune responses that protect against infection. </li>
|
||
<li>Vaccines provide a safe, cost-effective, and efficient means of preventing illness, disability, and death from infectious diseases.</li>
|
||
<li>NIH has supported vaccine development to address numerous diseases including, most recently COVID-19, and also historically, diphtheria, smallpox, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubella, hepatitis A, whooping cough, Type B Haemophilus (Hib), human papillomavirus (HPV), and many more.</li>
|
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<div class="flipcard-front">
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<div class="flipcard-content">
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||
<h3>HPV Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73121" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
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||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-hpv-vaccine.jpg">immune-system--hpv-vaccine.jpg</a></h2>
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||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hpv-vaccine.jpg?itok=qqiXwRg_&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hpv-vaccine.jpg?itok=T_XqaYtK&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hpv-vaccine.jpg?itok=cGIUj_Gv&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hpv-vaccine.jpg?itok=ek9fD0z0&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hpv-vaccine.jpg?itok=qqiXwRg_&timestamp=1674857083" alt="Purple cellular image stain of a koilocyte, a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone structural changes as a result of infection by human papillomavirus (HPV)." title="HPV Vaccine" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
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</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Decades of NIH research showed how to prevent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection through the development of vaccines that are 100% effective against two forms of HPV that cause cervical cancer. Governments across the globe now recommend routine HPV vaccination for all children 11 or 12 years old.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Ewa Krawczyk/National Cancer Institute \ Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center</p>
|
||
</div>
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||
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</div>
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<div class="flipcard-back">
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<div class="flipcard-content">
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<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>The first commercially available vaccines that protect against HPV—including the two forms that cause cervical cancer and most HPV-associated cancers—became available in 2006.</li>
|
||
<li>HPV is associated with almost all cases of cervical cancer and some types of other cancers including head and neck, anal, penile, vulvar, and vaginal.</li>
|
||
<li>Most treatments in the field of cancer aim to cure the disease, but this advance is designed to prevent it.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
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</div>
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<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
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<div class="box flipcard">
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<div class="flipcard-front">
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<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>COVID-19 Diagnostics</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73076" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-covid-19-diagnostics.jpg">immune-system--covid-19-diagnostics.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="COVID-19 Diagnostics" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-diagnostics.jpg?itok=sv2y6a00&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-diagnostics.jpg?itok=auS30Z9G&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-diagnostics.jpg?itok=LOE1n8Pc&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-diagnostics.jpg?itok=fTCFl26F&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-diagnostics.jpg?itok=sv2y6a00&timestamp=1674856766" alt="Image of QuickVue over the counter COVID-19 test that takes 10 minutes from Quidel." title="COVID-19 Diagnostics" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH played a large role in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic by supporting the rapid development of accurate and reliable testing on an enormous scale, leading to the production of more than 1 billion COVID-19 tests and test products in under 1.5 years.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Quidel</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>NIH launched the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx®) initiative to speed the manufacture of COVID-19 diagnostic technologies in response to the pandemic, increasing testing capacity by 100s of millions in the U.S. in less than 1.5 years. </li>
|
||
<li>Support from RADx has led to more than 45 emergency use authorizations (EUAs) from FDA, including the first EUA for over-the-counter COVID-19 testing.</li>
|
||
<li>Several COVID-19 testing technologies supported by RADx are available to the American public and can be purchased at pharmacies or online for at-home use.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>COVID-19 Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73086" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-covid-19-vaccine-cropped.jpg">immune-system--covid-19-vaccine-cropped.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="COVID-19 Vaccine" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-vaccine-cropped.jpg?itok=GZNg0B3G&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-vaccine-cropped.jpg?itok=5McJvA0L&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-vaccine-cropped.jpg?itok=SAlO3VmW&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-vaccine-cropped.jpg?itok=LX-T33lt&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-vaccine-cropped.jpg?itok=GZNg0B3G&timestamp=1674856860" alt="Dr. Anthony Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, receives the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine at the HHS/NIH COVID-19 Vaccine Kick-Off event at NIH on 12/22/20." title="COVID-19 Vaccine" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH-supported research led to the development of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in record time. As a result, by March 2022, over 577 million vaccine doses had been administered in the U.S., saving an estimated 2.4 million lives and preventing 17 million hospitalizations.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: NIH</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Decades of NIH-supported research provided the platform to jumpstart development of mRNA vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, ensuring a rapid response to the pandemic.</li>
|
||
<li>Community engagement approaches and infrastructure developed for HIV vaccine clinical trials ensured that COVID-19 vaccine trials included people who represent the diversity of the U.S. </li>
|
||
<li>As of July 2022, two vaccines had been approved by FDA, and two had been authorized for emergency use. </li>
|
||
<li>Research shows that COVID-19 vaccines are effective in preventing fully vaccinated people from developing serious disease.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>COVID-19 Treatments</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73081" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-covid-19-treatments.jpg">immune-system--covid-19-treatments.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="COVID-19 Treatments" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-treatments.jpg?itok=qrA49maS&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-treatments.jpg?itok=-RRYOnG5&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-treatments.jpg?itok=dZuWwQeC&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-treatments.jpg?itok=f_sRhL2X&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--covid-19-treatments.jpg?itok=qrA49maS&timestamp=1674856766" alt="Creative rendition of SARS-COV-2 virus particles." title="COVID-19 Treatments" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH-supported research has enabled the rapid development of treatments for COVID-19, including the antiviral Paxlovid. Paxlovid, which has been authorized by FDA for those with mild-to-moderate symptoms, can be taken at home and has been shown to reduce the risk of hospitalization and death by 89%.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Paxlovid is an antiviral combination therapy of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir, and it targets specific parts of the virus to stop it from multiplying in the body.</li>
|
||
<li>NIH has developed treatment guidelines for healthcare providers to help them work with their patients and determine the best treatment options for them. Several options, including Paxlovid, are now available for treating COVID-19 at home or in an outpatient setting. </li>
|
||
<li>As of August 2022, FDA had issued Emergency Use Authorization for three COVID-19 treatments: monoclonal antibodies, Paxlovid, and molnupiravir.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>HIV Prevention</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73111" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-hiv-prevention.jpg">immune-system--hiv-prevention.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="HIV Prevention" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hiv-prevention.jpg?itok=ox-VEtdg&timestamp=1674856951 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hiv-prevention.jpg?itok=jQWU52V9&timestamp=1674856951 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hiv-prevention.jpg?itok=DCrT-9t9&timestamp=1674856951 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hiv-prevention.jpg?itok=PBYPTuNE&timestamp=1674856951 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hiv-prevention.jpg?itok=ox-VEtdg&timestamp=1674856951" alt="Close up of blue oral PrEP medication tablets" title="HIV Prevention" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>An NIH-supported clinical trial was the first to establish the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent infection by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV from sex by 99% and reduces the risk of getting HIV from injection drug use by at least 74%.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: NIH</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Since the first AIDS cases were reported in 1981, HIV/AIDS has been one of humanity’s deadliest and most persistent epidemics. </li>
|
||
<li>In 2015, WHO recommended oral PrEP for people at substantial risk of HIV infection, paving the way for widespread adoption of PrEP.</li>
|
||
<li>PrEP is currently available in oral pill form that must be taken daily and in a long-acting injectable form. </li>
|
||
<li>HIV prevention efforts have contributed to averting more than 350,000 HIV infections in the U.S.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>HIV Treatment</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73116" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-hiv-treatment.jpg">immune-system--hiv-treatment.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="HIV Treatment" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hiv-treatment.jpg?itok=UBYWrjTp&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hiv-treatment.jpg?itok=wfmAT4BR&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hiv-treatment.jpg?itok=QK4SAVGk&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hiv-treatment.jpg?itok=lkDO_zed&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hiv-treatment.jpg?itok=UBYWrjTp&timestamp=1674857083" alt="Black and white icon of two pills." title="HIV Treatment" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH research led to the development of medications such as antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent people with HIV from developing AIDS, resulting in nearly normal life expectancy.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Office of AIDS Research, NIH</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Over 40 million people with HIV have died worldwide since 1981.</li>
|
||
<li>NIH research led to the development of ART. By taking ART as prescribed, most people with HIV will not develop AIDS and will have improved life expectancy.</li>
|
||
<li>NIH research demonstrated that people living with HIV who achieve and maintain undetectable levels of virus in their blood—by taking and adhering to ART as prescribed—cannot sexually transmit the virus to others, known as U=U (Undetectable = Untransmittable).</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Hepatitis C</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73101" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-hepatitis-c.jpg">immune-system--hepatitis-c.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Hepatitis C" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-c.jpg?itok=cJ49zwIi&timestamp=1674856951 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-c.jpg?itok=NecjS_jk&timestamp=1674856951 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-c.jpg?itok=5HQs8EDV&timestamp=1674856951 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-c.jpg?itok=3pqVQttB&timestamp=1674856951 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-c.jpg?itok=cJ49zwIi&timestamp=1674856951" alt="Illustration of hepatitis C virus." title="Hepatitis C" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH research played a major role in the discovery of the hepatitis C virus, resulting in the development of drugs that can cure almost all infected individuals and blood donor screening programs that have decreased the incidence of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis to near zero.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: CDC</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Hepatitis C affects millions of people in the U.S. and around the world.</li>
|
||
<li>It is a viral infection that spreads through contact with an infected person’s blood and causes liver inflammation and damage. It is one of the most common causes of liver cancer.</li>
|
||
<li>In 2020, an NIH researcher received a Nobel Prize for his contribution to the discovery of the virus.</li>
|
||
<li>This work was instrumental in leading to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic agents for hepatitis C and for providing the scientific basis for instituting blood donor screening programs.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Hepatitis A Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73091" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-hepatitis-vaccine.jpg">immune-system--hepatitis-a-vaccine.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Hepatitis A Vaccine" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-a-vaccine.jpg?itok=8vhfuP5O&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-a-vaccine.jpg?itok=zhPWhfHS&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-a-vaccine.jpg?itok=aV2hljVI&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-a-vaccine.jpg?itok=qFk_obml&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-a-vaccine.jpg?itok=8vhfuP5O&timestamp=1674856860" alt="Transmission electron micrograph of a small cluster of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) hepatitis A virus (HAV)." title="Hepatitis A Vaccine" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH researchers played a crucial role in developing the first licensed hepatitis A vaccine in 1995, contributing to a 92% decline in hepatitis A rates since then.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: CDC/ Betty Partin</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
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||
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|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>The hepatitis A virus causes acute inflammation of the liver. </li>
|
||
<li>Prior to the discovery of a vaccine, an estimated 100 people died from hepatitis A every year in the U.S. </li>
|
||
<li>NIH intramural researchers played a crucial role in developing the first licensed hepatitis A vaccine, from initial identification and characterization of the virus to the clinical trials that demonstrated the effectiveness of the vaccine.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Hepatitis B Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73096" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-hepatitis-b-vaccine.jpg">immune-system--hepatitis-b-vaccine.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Hepatitis B Vaccine" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-b-vaccine.jpg?itok=rC5U0hgL&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-b-vaccine.jpg?itok=dJfBjPG8&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-b-vaccine.jpg?itok=xabOyTJK&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-b-vaccine.jpg?itok=RAes1t65&timestamp=1674856860 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--hepatitis-b-vaccine.jpg?itok=rC5U0hgL&timestamp=1674856860" alt="Electron microscope image of the hepatitis B virus (HBV)." title="Hepatitis B Vaccine" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Hepatitis B infection causes inflammation of the liver that can lead to life-threatening health issues. Due to intensive vaccination programs based on NIH research, the rate of acute hepatitis B has fallen by more than 80% since the late 1980s.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Photographer: Alain Grillet; Copyright Sanofi Pasteur</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Hepatitis B infection causes inflammation of the liver. </li>
|
||
<li>It occurs through contact with infected blood, semen, or other bodily fluid through sex, sharing needles or other drug-injection equipment, or from mother to baby at birth. </li>
|
||
<li>For many people, hepatitis B is a short-term illness. For others, it can become a long-term, chronic infection that can lead to serious, even life-threatening health issues like cirrhosis or liver cancer.</li>
|
||
<li>The best way to prevent hepatitis B is to get vaccinated.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Autoimmune Disorders</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73071" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-autoimmune-disorders.jpg">immune-system--autoimmune-disorders.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Autoimmune Disorders" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--autoimmune-disorders.jpg?itok=SZq_LbA1&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--autoimmune-disorders.jpg?itok=W6n71DKD&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--autoimmune-disorders.jpg?itok=kdhZiUti&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--autoimmune-disorders.jpg?itok=cuT0GCYc&timestamp=1674856766 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--autoimmune-disorders.jpg?itok=SZq_LbA1&timestamp=1674856766" alt="Multi-colored diagram of JAK3, a member of the family of Janus kinase proteins that play a major role in immune responses, resembles several ribbons connected to each other." title="Autoimmune Disorders" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH-supported basic research on the immune system in the 1990s led to the development of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors—a class of drugs routinely used to treat a wide range of autoimmune disorders. To date, eight JAK inhibitors have been FDA-approved for treatment of a range of disorders.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Illustration by Emw - Own work, based on PyMOL rendering of PDB 1yvj. CC BY-SA 3.0, sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_kinaza_3#/media/Datoteka:Protein_JAK3_PDB_1yvj.png</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>NIH researchers discovered the importance of the JAK family of proteins as regulators of the human immune system, leading to the development of a class of drugs that block JAK activity to suppress the immune system and protect against damaging inflammation. </li>
|
||
<li>To date, JAK inhibitors have been FDA-approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, polyarticular juvenile arthritis, ulcerative colitis, atopic dermatitis, graft-versus-host disease, myeloproliferative neoplasms, alopecia areata, vitiligo, COVID-19 pneumonia, and counting.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Rotavirus Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73126" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-rotavirus-vaccine.jpg">immune-system--rotavirus-vaccine.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Rotavirus Vaccine" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rotavirus-vaccine.jpg?itok=ditJuk6U&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rotavirus-vaccine.jpg?itok=u9ePlhVp&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rotavirus-vaccine.jpg?itok=rTEZT-3W&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rotavirus-vaccine.jpg?itok=_sP5RQgu&timestamp=1674857083 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rotavirus-vaccine.jpg?itok=ditJuk6U&timestamp=1674857083" alt="Illustration of membrane-bound vesicles containing clusters of rotavirus within the gut. Researchers have found that these viruses that cause severe stomach illness get transmitted to humans through membrane-cloaked “virus clusters” that exacerbate the sp" title="Rotavirus Vaccine" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Because of NIH research, the introduction of a vaccine for rotavirus—the most common cause of childhood diarrhea worldwide—has resulted in the prevention of up to 50,000 child hospitalizations each year.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Ethan Tyler and Nihal Altan-Bonnet</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>NIH intramural scientists were the first to identify rotavirus in 1974, and they partnered with the pharmaceutical industry to create the first rotavirus vaccine in 1998. This paved the way for the creation of second-generation rotavirus vaccines in 2006 and 2008.</li>
|
||
<li>Prior to vaccine introduction in the U.S., rotavirus caused up to 70,000 children to be hospitalized and 60 deaths annually. </li>
|
||
<li>After the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in 2006, rotavirus activity in the U.S. decreased up to 90%, with up to 50,000 child hospitalizations prevented annually.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Rubella Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-84191" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/immune-system-rubella-vaccine.jpg">immune-system--rubella-vaccine.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Two male scientists in the 1960s holding the Rubella vaccine" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rubella-vaccine.jpg?itok=QoiPQBER&timestamp=1735591687 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rubella-vaccine.jpg?itok=rw4BhXSE&timestamp=1735591687 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rubella-vaccine.jpg?itok=JzbrERkI&timestamp=1735591687 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rubella-vaccine.jpg?itok=abgS5HI3&timestamp=1735591687 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/immune-system--rubella-vaccine.jpg?itok=QoiPQBER&timestamp=1735591687" alt="Two male scientists in the 1960s holding the Rubella vaccine" title="Two male scientists in the 1960s holding the Rubella vaccine" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Thanks to NIH-supported research that led to a vaccine in 1969, rubella—a virus that causes birth defects—was eliminated in the U.S. by 2004. Prior to the vaccine, rubella caused an epidemic that struck every six to nine years, causing many miscarriages and stillbirths.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: National Library of Medicine, NIH</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Rubella virus is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects. In 1964 and 1965 in the U.S., rubella caused about 11,000 miscarriages, 2,100 newborns to die, and 20,000 infants to be born with birth defects.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>In 1971, the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination program began in the U.S. to prevent these three common deadly infections.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>In 2021, the CDC reported that 90.8% of children in the U.S. received at least one MMR vaccine dose by 24 months of age.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<h2>References</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3>RSV Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>RSV in Older Adults and Adults with Chronic Medical Conditions: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/high-risk/older-adults.html">https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/high-risk/older-adults.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>NIAID Research Journeys: Safe and Effective RSV Protein Vaccines: <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/sites/default/files/safe-effective-rsv-protein-vaccines.pdf">https://www.niaid.nih.gov/sites/default/files/safe-effective-rsv-protein-vaccines.pdf</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: FDA Approves First Respiratory Syntical (RSV) Vaccine: <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-vaccine">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-vaccine</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: FDA Approves First Vaccine for Pregnant Individuals to Prevent RSV in Infants: <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-vaccine-pregnant-individuals-prevent-rsv-infants">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-vaccine-pregnant-individuals-prevent-rsv-infants</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Vaccines</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Article: A Long Tradition of Vaccine Breakthroughs: IRP Vaccine Research Stretches Back to the NIH’s Birth: <a href="https://irp.nih.gov/blog/post/2020/05/a-long-tradition-of-vaccine-breakthroughs">https://irp.nih.gov/blog/post/2020/05/a-long-tradition-of-vaccine-breakthroughs</a>;</li>
|
||
<li>Producing Novel Vaccines: <a href="https://irp.nih.gov/our-research/accelerating-science/producing-novel-vaccines">https://irp.nih.gov/our-research/accelerating-science/producing-novel-vaccines</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>HPV Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Article: NIH Technology Licensed to Merck for HPV Vaccine: <a href="https://www.techtransfer.nih.gov/news/nih-technology-licensed-to-merck-for-hpv-vaccine">https://www.techtransfer.nih.gov/news/nih-technology-licensed-to-merck-for-hpv-vaccine</a></li>
|
||
<li>Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet">https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: The HPV vaccine: Two decades of research pays off: <a href="https://irp.nih.gov/accomplishments/the-hpv-vaccine-two-decades-of-research-pays-off">https://irp.nih.gov/accomplishments/the-hpv-vaccine-two-decades-of-research-pays-off</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Protecting Against HPV: Common Viruses Can Lead to Cancer: <a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2020/04/protecting-against-hpv">https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2020/04/protecting-against-hpv</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>COVID-19 Diagnostics</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx®): <a href="https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/radx">https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/radx</a></li>
|
||
<li>RADx® Tech and ATP Programs: <a href="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/covid-19/radx-tech-program">https://www.nibib.nih.gov/covid-19/radx-tech-program</a></li>
|
||
<li>RADx® Tech/ATP/ITAP Dashboard: <a href="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/covid-19/radx-tech-program/radx-tech-dashboard">https://www.nibib.nih.gov/covid-19/radx-tech-program/radx-tech-dashboard</a></li>
|
||
<li>RADx® Tech and ATP Programs: Phase 2 Awards: <a href="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/covid-19/radx-tech-program/radx-tech-phase2-awards">https://www.nibib.nih.gov/covid-19/radx-tech-program/radx-tech-phase2-awards</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: RADx One Year Later – A Sea Change for Diagnostics: <a href="https://www.nibib.nih.gov/about-nibib/directors-corner/corner-posts/radx-one-year-later-%E2%80%93-sea-change-diagnostics">https://www.nibib.nih.gov/about-nibib/directors-corner/corner-posts/radx-one-year-later-%E2%80%93-sea-change-diagnostics</a></li>
|
||
<li>Radical solutions. <em>Nat Biotechnol</em>. 2021;39(4):391. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33824513/">33824513</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Roback JD, et al. <em>Nat Biotechnol</em>. 2021;39(9):1060-1062. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34404954/">34404954</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Barat B, et al. <em>J Clin Microbiol</em>. 2021;59(3):e02486-20. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33262219/">33262219</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Article: One Year of Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics, and Anticipating New Challenges: <a href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/messages/2021/one-year-of-rapid-acceleration-of-diagnostics-and-anticipating-new-challenges">https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/messages/2021/one-year-of-rapid-acceleration-of-diagnostics-and-anticipating-new-challenges</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>COVID-19 Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>COVID-19 Vaccines: <a href="https://covid19.nih.gov/covid-19-topics/covid-19-vaccines">https://covid19.nih.gov/covid-19-topics/covid-19-vaccines</a></li>
|
||
<li>COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Development: <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/sites/default/files/mRNA%20Vaccine%20Development.pdf">https://www.niaid.nih.gov/sites/default/files/mRNA%20Vaccine%20Development.pdf</a></li>
|
||
<li>CDC COVID Data Tracker: <a href="https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/%23vaccinations_vacc-total-admin-rate-total">https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-total-admin-rate-total</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Impact of U.S. COVID-19 Vaccination Efforts: An Update on Averted Deaths, Hospitalizations, and Health Care Costs Through March 2022: <a href="https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2022/impact-us-covid-19-vaccination-efforts-march-update">https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2022/impact-us-covid-19-vaccination-efforts-march-update</a></li>
|
||
<li>Benefits of Getting A COVID-19 Vaccine: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>COVID-19 after Vaccination: Possible Breakthrough Infection: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/effectiveness/why-measure-effectiveness/breakthrough-cases.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/effectiveness/why-measure-effectiveness/breakthrough-cases.html</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>COVID-19 Treatments</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Hammond J, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2022;386(15):1397-1408. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35172054/">35172054</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>COVID-19 Treatments NIH Page: <a href="https://covid19.nih.gov/covid-19-topics/covid-19-treatments">https://covid19.nih.gov/covid-19-topics/covid-19-treatments</a></li>
|
||
<li>Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines: <a href="https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/">https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/</a></li>
|
||
<li>COVID-19 Treatments HHS Page: <a href="https://aspr.hhs.gov/COVID-19/treatments/Pages/default.aspx">https://aspr.hhs.gov/COVID-19/treatments/Pages/default.aspx</a></li>
|
||
<li>COVID-19 Treatments and Medications: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/treatments-for-severe-illness.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/treatments-for-severe-illness.html</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>HIV Prevention</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to Reduce HIV Risk: <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-prep">https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-prep</a> </li>
|
||
<li>HIV Prevention Trials Network: HPTN 083 Summary: <a href="https://www.hptn.org/research/studies/hptn083">https://www.hptn.org/research/studies/hptn083</a></li>
|
||
<li>HIV Prevention Trials Network: HPTN 084 Summary: <a href="https://www.hptn.org/research/studies/hptn084">https://www.hptn.org/research/studies/hptn084</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Global data shows increasing PrEP use and widespread adoption of WHO PrEP recommendations: <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/global-data-shows-increasing-prep-use-and-widespread-adoption-of-who-prep-recommendations">https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/global-data-shows-increasing-prep-use-and-widespread-adoption-of-who-prep-recommendations</a></li>
|
||
<li>Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>CDC’s HIV Prevention Progress in the United States: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/division-of-hiv-prevention/progress/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/division-of-hiv-prevention/progress/index.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Fauci AS, et al. <em>JAMA</em>. 2012;308(4):343-4. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22820783/">22820783</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Harden, Victoria A. <em>AIDS at 30: A History</em>. Potomac Books. 2012.</li>
|
||
<li>In Their Own Words..NIH Researchers Recall the Early Years of AIDS: <a href="https://history.nih.gov/display/history/In+Their+Own+Words">https://history.nih.gov/display/history/In+Their+Own+Words</a></li>
|
||
<li>HIV Undetectable=Untransmittable (U=U), or Treatment as Prevention: <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/treatment-prevention">https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/treatment-prevention</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Final HIV Prevention & Treatment Research Highlights from CROI 2021: <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/final-hiv-prevention-treatment-research-highlights-croi-2021">https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/final-hiv-prevention-treatment-research-highlights-croi-2021</a></li>
|
||
<li>HIV/AIDS: <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hivaids">https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hivaids</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: FDA Approves First Injectable Treatment for HIV Pre-Exposure Prevention: <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-injectable-treatment-hiv-pre-exposure-prevention">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-injectable-treatment-hiv-pre-exposure-prevention</a></li>
|
||
<li>Landovitz RJ, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2021;385(7):595-608. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34379922/">34379922</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Delany-Moretlwe S, et al. <em>Lancet</em>. 2022;399(10337):1779-1789. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35378077/">35378077</a>.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>HIV Treatment</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet: <a href="https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet">https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet</a></li>
|
||
<li>HIV/AIDS Treatment: <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hiv-treatment">https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hiv-treatment</a></li>
|
||
<li>Antiretroviral Drug Discovery and Development: <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/antiretroviral-drug-development">https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/antiretroviral-drug-development</a> </li>
|
||
<li>HIV Undetectable=Untransmittable (U=U), or Treatment as Prevention: <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/treatment-prevention">https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/treatment-prevention</a></li>
|
||
<li>Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection: <a href="https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/pediatric-arv/whats-new-guidelines">https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/pediatric-arv/whats-new-guidelines</a></li>
|
||
<li>Orkin C, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2020;382(12):1124-1135. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32130806/">32130806</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Wandeler G, et al. <em>Curr Opin HIV AIDS</em>. 2016;11(5):492-500. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27254748/">27254748</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Teeraananchai S, et al. <em>HIV Med</em>. 2017;18(4):256-266. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27578404/">27578404</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Eisinger RW, et al. <em>JAMA</em>. 2019;321(5):451-452. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30629090/">30629090</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Cohen MS, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2016;375(9):830-9. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27424812/">27424812</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Rodger AJ, et al. <em>Lancet</em>. 2019;393(10189):2428-2438. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056293/">31056293</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Article: The science is clear: with HIV, undetectable equals untransmittable: <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/science-clear-hiv-undetectable-equals-untransmittable">https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/science-clear-hiv-undetectable-equals-untransmittable</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Hepatitis C</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Article: Harvey Alter, M.D., Wins the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: <a href="https://www.nih.gov/harvey-alter-md-wins-2020-nobel-prize-physiology-or-medicine">https://www.nih.gov/harvey-alter-md-wins-2020-nobel-prize-physiology-or-medicine</a></li>
|
||
<li>Hepatitis C NIH Page: <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-c">https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-c</a></li>
|
||
<li>Liang TJ, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2014;370(21):2043-7. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24795199/">24795199</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Marinho RT, et al. <em>World J Gastroenterol</em>. 2013;19(40):6703-9. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24187444/">24187444</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Video: CC Grand Rounds: 1) Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Disease Cured but Not Conquered and 2) Update on Management and the Road to a Cure for Chronic Hepatitis B: <a href="https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=35941">https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=35941</a></li>
|
||
<li>Hepatitis C CDC Page: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/index.htm">https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/index.htm</a></li>
|
||
<li>Alter HJ, et al. <em>Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)</em>. 2020;15(Suppl 1):S64-S71. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32140215/">32140215</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Nobel Prize 2020 Press Release: <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2020/press-release">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2020/press-release</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Hepatitis A Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Article: In the fight against viral hepatitis A, vaccines save lives: <a href="https://irp.nih.gov/accomplishments/in-the-fight-against-viral-hepatitis-a-vaccines-save-lives">https://irp.nih.gov/accomplishments/in-the-fight-against-viral-hepatitis-a-vaccines-save-lives</a></li>
|
||
<li>Hepatitis A Vaccine: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-a.html%23:~:text=Children%20need%202%20doses%20of,months%20after%20the%20first%20dose">https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-a.html#:~:text=Children%20need%202%20doses%20of,months%20after%20the%20first%20dose</a></li>
|
||
<li>CDC Pink Book: Hepatitis A Vaccine (Chapter 9). 2021: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/hepa.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/hepa.pdf</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Hepatitis B Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Hepatitis: <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hepatitis">https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hepatitis</a></li>
|
||
<li>Hepatitis B: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/index.htm">https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/index.htm</a></li>
|
||
<li>Kim WR. <em>Hepatology</em>. 2009;49(5 Suppl):S28-34. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19399791/">19399791</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Surveillance for Acute Viral Hepatitis—United States, 2007: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/ss/ss5803.pdf%20">https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/ss/ss5803.pdf</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Autoimmune Disorders</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Liu C, et al. <em>Arthritis Rheumatol</em>. 2021;73(12):2166-2178. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34180156/">34180156</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Shawky AM, et al. <em>Pharmaceutics</em>. 2022;14(5):1001. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631587/">35631587</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Philips RL, et al. <em>Cell</em>. 2022;185(21):3857-3876. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36240739/">36240739</a>.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Rotavirus Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Article: Developing the first rotavirus vaccine: <a href="https://irp.nih.gov/accomplishments/developing-the-first-rotavirus-vaccine">https://irp.nih.gov/accomplishments/developing-the-first-rotavirus-vaccine</a></li>
|
||
<li>Rotavirus in the U.S.: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/surveillance.html">https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/surveillance.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Rotavirus Surveillance Reports: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss/rotavirus/reports.html">https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss/rotavirus/reports.html</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Rubella Vaccine</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Impact of U.S. MMR Vaccination Program: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/vaccine-impact/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/vaccine-impact/index.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Rubella Vaccination: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/vaccines/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/vaccines/index.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Immunization: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/immunize.htm">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/immunize.htm</a></li>
|
||
<li>Progress Toward Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control and Elimination—Worldwide, 2012–2020: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7106a2.htm">https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7106a2.htm</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
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</div></div>
|
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