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<p class="pretitle"><a href="/about-nih/what-we-do/impact-nih-research/improving-health">Improving Health</a></p><div class='syndicate'><h1>Heart, Lung, and Kidney Health</h1><div><div class="flipcard-container masonry-container">
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||
<div class="box flipcard">
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<div class="flipcard-front">
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<div class="flipcard-content">
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<h3>Artificial Heart Valves</h3>
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<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-78756" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health-artificial-heart-valves.jpg">heart-lung-kidney-health--artificial-heart-valves.jpg</a></h2>
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<picture title="Dr. Nina Braunwald holding medical equipment" class="media-element">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--artificial-heart-valves.jpg?itok=5ZEe3VCo&timestamp=1702070682 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--artificial-heart-valves.jpg?itok=Ov6XhJdR&timestamp=1702070682 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--artificial-heart-valves.jpg?itok=-D5xjP4s&timestamp=1702070682 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--artificial-heart-valves.jpg?itok=JI1ajaOE&timestamp=1702070682 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
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<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
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<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--artificial-heart-valves.jpg?itok=5ZEe3VCo&timestamp=1702070682" alt="Dr. Nina Braunwald holding medical equipment; Dr. Braunwald was the first woman to perform open-heart surgery." title="Dr. Nina Braunwald holding medical equipment" />
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</picture> </div>
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<p>NIH supported the development of the first artificial heart valves, leading to the first successful artificial replacement of the mitral valve—the valve that connects the left chambers of the heart—at the NIH Clinical Center in 1960. Today, over 182,000 heart valve replacements are performed each year in the U.S. to treat irreparable heart valve disease.</p>
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<p class="credit">Image credit: NIH</p>
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<ul class="spaced">
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||
<li>In 1960, the first successful artificial replacements of two of the four types of heart valves—aortic and mitral—were conducted.</li>
|
||
<li>The first successful artificial mitral valve replacement was carried out by NIH researcher, Dr. Nina Braunwald—the first female cardiac surgeon and the first woman to perform open-heart surgery.</li>
|
||
<li>About 2.5% of the U.S. population has heart valve disease, which occurs when one of the four heart valves is damaged—becoming stiff, narrow, or leaky—disrupting proper blood flow.</li>
|
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<h3>Aspirin Guidance</h3>
|
||
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<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73026" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health-aspirin-guidance.jpg">heart-lung-kidney-health--aspirin-guidance.jpg</a></h2>
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--aspirin-guidance.jpg?itok=HgpKWoEt&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--aspirin-guidance.jpg?itok=hrHJgKAQ&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--aspirin-guidance.jpg?itok=Hxsl04CA&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--aspirin-guidance.jpg?itok=yMRnHQBy&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--aspirin-guidance.jpg?itok=HgpKWoEt&timestamp=1674853648" alt="Older woman holding a single tablet and looking at a bottle of aspirin." title="Aspirin Guidance" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
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|
||
<p>NIH-funded research on aspirin’s risks and potential benefits for preventing heart disease challenged previously held assumptions on its benefits and led to revised usage guidelines. By following the guidelines, physicians are now less likely to prescribe unnecessary daily aspirin to older adults to prevent heart disease.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: FlairImages/iStock/Thinkstock</p>
|
||
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<ul class="spaced">
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||
<li>In the past, doctors had encouraged adults without existing heart disease to consider taking low-dose aspirin daily to help prevent the first occurrence of a heart attack or stroke.</li>
|
||
<li> NIH-funded research found that in healthy older adults, aspirin did not reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke. Those taking aspirin had an increased risk of bleeding, especially following head trauma, which was already a known risk of regular aspirin use.</li>
|
||
<li>In 2021, based on this research on aspirin, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force proposed changes in recommendations for aspirin use to prevent heart disease.</li>
|
||
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||
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<h3>Heart Disease</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73041" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
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<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health-heart-disease-cropped.jpg">heart-lung-kidney-health--heart-disease-cropped.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
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<div class="content">
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<picture title="Heart Disease" class="media-element">
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<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
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<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--heart-disease-cropped.jpg?itok=1mTLJTnR&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--heart-disease-cropped.jpg?itok=kuKDCT5S&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--heart-disease-cropped.jpg?itok=efuj8fM3&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--heart-disease-cropped.jpg?itok=D08u-fYY&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--heart-disease-cropped.jpg?itok=1mTLJTnR&timestamp=1674853734" alt="A male nurse puts a blood pressure cuff on a woman's left arm." title="Heart Disease" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Deaths from heart disease fell 67.6% from 1969 to 2015, driven by research advances such as the NIH-funded Framingham Heart Study, which identified risk factors for heart disease and led to new prevention strategies.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Daniel Soñé/NCI</p>
|
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<div class="flipcard-back">
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<div class="flipcard-content">
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<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>The Framingham Heart Study and other NIH-supported research identified risk factors for heart disease, such as cholesterol, smoking, and high blood pressure. </li>
|
||
<li>Approximately half the decline in heart disease deaths since the 1960s are due to changes in lifestyle and from medications developed to reduce these risk factors. </li>
|
||
<li>Despite this decline, heart disease is still the leading cause of death in the U.S.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
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||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
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|
||
<h3>Congenital Heart Disease</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73031" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health-congenital-heart-disease.jpg">heart-lung-kidney-health--congenital-heart-disease.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
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||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Congenital Heart Disease" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--congenital-heart-disease.jpg?itok=FaOsRUFg&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--congenital-heart-disease.jpg?itok=hLDCX0lX&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--congenital-heart-disease.jpg?itok=d0rZETIW&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--congenital-heart-disease.jpg?itok=gXQchou9&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--congenital-heart-disease.jpg?itok=FaOsRUFg&timestamp=1674853648" alt="Doctor using a stethoscope to listen to a child’s heart." title="Congenital Heart Disease" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>Decades of NIH-supported research led to advances in diagnosis, treatment, and newborn screening mandates for congenital heart disease (CHD). As a result, over 85% of children born with CHD now survive well into adulthood.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Shutterstock</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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||
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||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
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|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>CHD is the most common type of birth defect, affecting about 8 per 1000 live births in the U.S., and is the leading cause of infant death in the U.S.</li>
|
||
<li>NIH-supported research helped inform the HHS Secretary’s decision in 2011 to add CHD to the recommended uniform infant screening panel. Screening is now mandated in D.C. and all states but California, which does require that the screening be offered.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
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||
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||
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||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
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||
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|
||
<h3>Type 1 Diabetes</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73046" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health-type-1-diabetes.jpg">heart-lung-kidney-health--type-1-diabetes.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Type 1 Diabetes" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--type-1-diabetes.jpg?itok=eHAq-9sI&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--type-1-diabetes.jpg?itok=3WacbLUp&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--type-1-diabetes.jpg?itok=WXrB41cj&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--type-1-diabetes.jpg?itok=Hpr3T53c&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--type-1-diabetes.jpg?itok=eHAq-9sI&timestamp=1674853734" alt="Continuous glucose monitor and insulin pump." title="Type 1 Diabetes" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH-supported research has contributed to technologies that are giving the more than 1.8 million people in the U.S. with type 1 diabetes new options for more easily managing their disease, resulting in improved health and quality of life.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Tandem Diabetes Care</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>In the 1990s, NIH-supported research showed that intensive management of blood glucose levels reduced the risk of long-term complications from diabetes. </li>
|
||
<li>Type 1 diabetes affects approximately 5% of the diagnosed diabetes cases in adults and the majority of diagnosed cases in children in the U.S.</li>
|
||
<li>Two FDA-approved technologies to manage type 1 diabetes include continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), which provide real-time data on blood glucose levels without the need for finger sticks, and artificial pancreas systems, which pair a CGM with an insulin pump to adjust insulin dosage automatically.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
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||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Type 2 Diabetes</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73051" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health-type-2-diabetes.jpg">heart-lung-kidney-health--type-2-diabetes.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Type 2 Diabetes" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--type-2-diabetes.jpg?itok=sF87aySC&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--type-2-diabetes.jpg?itok=UgKPYiUs&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--type-2-diabetes.jpg?itok=sBDoQ-Ft&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--type-2-diabetes.jpg?itok=oZZnxLz4&timestamp=1674853734 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--type-2-diabetes.jpg?itok=sF87aySC&timestamp=1674853734" alt="A 2D depiction of the chemical structure of glucagon" title="Type 2 Diabetes" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH research led to the development of medications to treat type 2 diabetes—which affects more than 35 million people in the U.S.—by helping to lower blood glucose and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The research also formed the basis of widely used treatments for obesity, which affects nearly 42% of U.S. adults.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: National Center for Biotechnology Information (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Glucagon)</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>Risk of early death for adults with diabetes is 60% higher than for adults without diabetes, with cardiovascular disease being the number one cause of death in people with diabetes.</li>
|
||
<li>Decades of basic research supported by NIH—including research on hormonal control of blood glucose—laid the foundation for the development of two classes of diabetes drugs, GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors.</li>
|
||
<li>Some drugs such as GLP-1 receptor agonists are also approved to treat obesity, a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes.</li>
|
||
<li>SGLT2 inhibitors improve blood glucose control and can also reduce kidney and heart complications, two major causes of death in people with diabetes.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="box flipcard">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-front">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<h3>Diabetes Prevention</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-feature_teaser"><div id="file-73036" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg">
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health-diabetes-prevention.jpg">heart-lung-kidney-health--diabetes-prevention.jpg</a></h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<picture title="Diabetes Prevention" class="media-element">
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]-->
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--diabetes-prevention.jpg?itok=PnyT03cH&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 800px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--diabetes-prevention.jpg?itok=YMW7MCFj&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 600px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-small/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--diabetes-prevention.jpg?itok=0aYXyJsf&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)"></source>
|
||
<source srcset="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-tiny/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--diabetes-prevention.jpg?itok=Ul_xQ6Nb&timestamp=1674853648 1x" media="screen and (min-width: 0)"></source>
|
||
<!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]-->
|
||
<img class="media-element" src="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/feature_teaser_breakpoint-medium/public/about-nih/impact/heart-lung-kidney-health--diabetes-prevention.jpg?itok=PnyT03cH&timestamp=1674853648" alt="Finger pricked for a blood sugar test in a person with diabetes." title="Diabetes Prevention" />
|
||
</picture> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>NIH research showed that improvements in diet and physical activity can lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 58% in adults at high risk. NIH support has helped to adapt the Diabetes Prevention Program’s (DPP) lifestyle-focused intervention, and it is now available in communities across the U.S. and is covered by Medicare and Medicaid.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p class="credit">Image credit: Darryl Leja, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Flip</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-back">
|
||
<div class="flipcard-content">
|
||
<ul class="spaced">
|
||
<li>DPP showed that behavioral interventions, such as increased physical activity and healthier eating, could delay type 2 diabetes onset by 15 years.</li>
|
||
<li>NIH-supported research has made it possible to deliver adaptations of the DPP lifestyle intervention to millions of people at risk for diabetes in the U.S. </li>
|
||
<li>DPP contributed to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s decision to recommend routine screening for type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older U.S. adults with overweight or obesity.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="flipcard-button-wrapper"><a class="button-link-5em gray-light flipcard-button" href="javascript:;">Back</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<h2>References</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Artificial Heart Valves</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Collins JJ. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 1991; 324(9)624-6. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1992323/">1992323</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Harken DE, et al. <em>J of Thor and Cardio Surg</em>. 1960; 40:744-62. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13711583/">13711583</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Braunwald NS, et al. <em>J of Thor and Cardio Surg.</em> 1960; 40:1-11. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13804040/">13804040</a></li>
|
||
<li>Report: Cardiac Surgery Market Size, Share, and Trend Analysis: <a href="https://idataresearch.com/product/cardiac-surgery-market-united-states/">https://idataresearch.com/product/cardiac-surgery-market-united-states/</a></li>
|
||
<li>Sabharwal N, et al. <em>Tex Heart Inst J</em>. 2017; 44(2)96-100. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28461793">28461793</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Valvular Heart Disease: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/valvular_disease.htm">https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/valvular_disease.htm</a></li>
|
||
<li>Frankel WC, et al. <em>JAMA</em>. 2021; 325(24)2512. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34156406/">34156406.</a></li>
|
||
<li>Heart Valve Replacement: <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/23966-heart-valve-replacement">https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/23966-heart-valve-replacement</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Aspirin Guidance</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Arnett DK, et al. <em>Circulation</em>. 2019;140(11):e596-e646. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30879355/">30879355</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Article: Daily low-dose aspirin found to have no effect on healthy lifespan in older people: <a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/daily-low-dose-aspirin-found-have-no-effect-healthy-lifespan-older-people%20">https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/daily-low-dose-aspirin-found-have-no-effect-healthy-lifespan-older-people</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Daily Aspirin May Not Benefit Healthy Older Adults: <a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2018/11/daily-aspirin-may-not-benefit-healthy-older-adults">https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2018/11/daily-aspirin-may-not-benefit-healthy-older-adults</a></li>
|
||
<li>U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Task Force Issues Draft Recommendation Statement on Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: <a href="https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/aspirin-cvd-prevention-final-rec-bulletin.pdf">https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/aspirin-cvd-prevention-final-rec-bulletin.pdf</a></li>
|
||
<li>Final Recommendation Statement: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Preventive Medication: <a href="https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-preventive-medication">https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-preventive-medication</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Daily low-dose aspirin has little impact on stroke risk and spikes risk of brain bleeding from falls: <a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/daily-low-dose-aspirin-has-little-impact-stroke-risk-and-spikes-risk-brain-bleeding-falls">https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/daily-low-dose-aspirin-has-little-impact-stroke-risk-and-spikes-risk-brain-bleeding-falls</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Heart Disease</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Weir HK, et al. <em>Prev Chronic Dis</em>. 2016;13:E157. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27854420/">27854420</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Levy D. <em>Nat Rev Drug Discov</em>. 2008;7(9):715-715. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19172683/">19172683</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>The Framingham Heart Study: Laying the Foundation for Preventive Health Care: <a href="https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/about-nih/impact/framingham-heart-study.pdf">https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/about-nih/impact/framingham-heart-study.pdf</a></li>
|
||
<li>Heart Disease Facts: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm">https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Congenital Heart Disease</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Gurvitz M, et al. <em>J Am Coll Cardiol</em>. 2016;67(16):1956-64. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27102511/">27102511</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary. 2018. <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000602">https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000602</a></li>
|
||
<li>Interagency Coordinating Committee on Newborn and Child Screening (ICC): Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease: <a href="https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hrsa/advisory-committees/heritable-disorders/reports-recommendations/response-congenital-cyanotic.pdf">https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hrsa/advisory-committees/heritable-disorders/reports-recommendations/response-congenital-cyanotic.pdf</a></li>
|
||
<li>Actions in Support of Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease — United States, 2011–2018: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a3.htm?s_cid=6805a3_e">https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a3.htm?s_cid=6805a3_e</a></li>
|
||
<li>Burns KM, et al. <em>Pediatr Cardiol</em>. 2017;38(5):974-980. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349207/">28349207</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>What are Congenital Heart Defects?: <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects">https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Type 1 Diabetes</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Brown SA, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2019;381(18):1707-1717. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31618560/">31618560</a>. </li>
|
||
<li>Breton MD, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2020;383(9):836-845. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32846062/">32846062</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Article: FDA Approves UVA-Developed Artificial Pancreas: <a href="https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2020/01/02/fda-approves-uva-developed-artificial-pancreas/%20">https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2020/01/02/fda-approves-uva-developed-artificial-pancreas/</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Artificial pancreas system better controls blood glucose levels than current technology: <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/artificial-pancreas-system-better-controls-blood-glucose-levels-current-technology">https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/artificial-pancreas-system-better-controls-blood-glucose-levels-current-technology</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Artificial pancreas effectively controls type 1 diabetes in children age 6 and up: <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/artificial-pancreas-effectively-controls-type-1-diabetes-children-age-6">https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/artificial-pancreas-effectively-controls-type-1-diabetes-children-age-6</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Bionic pancreas improves type 1 diabetes management compared to standard insulin delivery methods: <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/bionic-pancreas-improves-type-1-diabetes-management-compared-standard-insulin-delivery-methods">https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/bionic-pancreas-improves-type-1-diabetes-management-compared-standard-insulin-delivery-methods</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: Four pivotal NIH-funded artificial pancreas research efforts begin: <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/four-pivotal-nih-funded-artificial-pancreas-research-efforts-begin">https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/four-pivotal-nih-funded-artificial-pancreas-research-efforts-begin</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Type 2 Diabetes</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Diabetes Fast Facts: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/quick-facts.html">https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/quick-facts.html</a></li>
|
||
<li>Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2017–2018: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db360.htm">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db360.htm</a></li>
|
||
<li>Wadden TA, et al. <em>JAMA</em>. 2021;325(14):1403-1413. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33625476/">33625476</a>. </li>
|
||
<li>Article: FDA OKs Injectable Semaglutide for Chronic Weight Management: <a href="https://www.medpagetoday.com/endocrinology/obesity/92936?xid=NL_breakingnewsalert_2021-06-04&eun=g950414d0r">https://www.medpagetoday.com/endocrinology/obesity/92936?xid=NL_breakingnewsalert_2021-06-04&eun=g950414d0r</a></li>
|
||
<li>Abbasi J. <em>JAMA</em>. 2021;326(2):121-123. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34160581/">34160581</a>. </li>
|
||
<li>Article: FDA Approves New Drug Treatment for Chronic Weight Management, First Since 2014: <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-drug-treatment-chronic-weight-management-first-2014?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery">https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-drug-treatment-chronic-weight-management-first-2014?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></li>
|
||
<li>Yanovski SZ, et al. <em>JAMA</em>. 2021;326(2):129-130. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34160571/">34160571</a>.</li>
|
||
<li>Sanyal AJ, et al. <em>N Engl J Med</em>. 2021;385(17):1559-1569. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34670043/">34670043</a>. </li>
|
||
<li>Article: Story of Discovery: SGLT2 inhibitors: harnessing the kidneys to help treat diabetes: <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/archive/2016/story-discovery-sglt2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes">https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/archive/2016/story-discovery-sglt2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes</a></li>
|
||
<li>Overweight & Obesity Statistics: <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/overweight-obesity">https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/overweight-obesity</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<h3>Diabetes Prevention</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>A Snapshot: Diabetes in the United States: <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/library/socialmedia/diabetes-infographic.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/library/socialmedia/diabetes-infographic.pdf</a></li>
|
||
<li>Diabetes Prevention Program: <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/research-areas/diabetes/diabetes-prevention-program-dpp/Pages/default.aspx">https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/research-areas/diabetes/diabetes-prevention-program-dpp/Pages/default.aspx</a></li>
|
||
<li>Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study: <a href="https://dppos.bsc.gwu.edu/">https://dppos.bsc.gwu.edu/</a></li>
|
||
<li>ClinicalTrials.gov Diabetes Prevention Program page: <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00004992">https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00004992</a></li>
|
||
<li>ClinicalTrials.gov Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study page <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00038727?term=diabetes+prevention+program">https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00038727?term=diabetes+prevention+program</a></li>
|
||
<li>NIDDK Central Repository: Diabetes Prevention Program: <a href="https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/studies/dpp/">https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/studies/dpp/</a></li>
|
||
<li>NIDDK Central Repository: Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study: <a href="https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/studies/dppos/">https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/studies/dppos/</a></li>
|
||
<li>dkNET Search for “DPP study”: <a href="https://dknet.org/Any/search?q=DPP%20study&l=DPP%20study&restarted">https://dknet.org/Any/search?q=DPP%20study&l=DPP%20study&restarted</a></li>
|
||
<li>dkNET Search Results for “DPPOS study” <a href="https://dknet.org/Any/search?q=DPPOS%20study&l=DPPOS%20study">https://dknet.org/Any/search?q=DPPOS%20study&l=DPPOS%20study</a></li>
|
||
<li>Type 2 Diabetes Knowledge Portal: <a href="https://t2d.hugeamp.org/">https://t2d.hugeamp.org/</a></li>
|
||
<li>Article: NIH study finds interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes give good return on investment: <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-study-finds-interventions-prevent-type-2-diabetes-give-good-return-investment">https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-study-finds-interventions-prevent-type-2-diabetes-give-good-return-investment</a></li>
|
||
<li>Siu AL. <em>Ann Intern Med</em>. 2015;163(11):861-8. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26501513/">26501513</a>. </li>
|
||
<li>Klabunde CN, et al. <em>Am J Prev Med</em>. 2022;62(2):e77-e86. PMID:<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34657771/"> 34657771</a>. </li>
|
||
<li>What Are Overweight and Obesity?: <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity">https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity</a></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</div></div>
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